03030nas a2200361   4500008004500000020001400045245016400059210006900223260000800292300001200300490000700312520197000319653001902289653001602308653001702324653001402341653002002355653001102375653002802386653001602414653001502430653001602445653002002461653001802481653003102499653001402530653001802544653001602562653001202578100001702590700001702607856004402624       2011                        Engldsh    a0307-697000aVagility across <i>Vanessa </i>(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): mobility in butterfly species does not inhibit the formation and persistence of isolated sister taxa0 aVagility across iVanessa iLepidoptera Nymphalidae mobility in bu  cApr  a362-3700 v363 aAllopatric speciation is thought to occur in the absence of gene flow, thereby suggesting that widespread vagile species might be less likely to generate restricted sister taxa because of a lack of isolation. The butterfly genus Vanessa provides an ideal test of this concept, as it contains some of the most cosmopolitan and vagile species of butterflies on the planet, as well as some highly restricted taxa. Given the age of these groups, this arrangement offers a special opportunity to examine the relationship between vagility and phylogeny in generating novel taxa; specifically, does the vagility of some lineages impede allopatric speciation, leaving restricted clades more speciose? A phylogenetic hypothesis is proposed for all species belonging to the butterfly genus Vanessa based on DNA sequences from one mitochondrial and eight nuclear gene regions. The resulting topology shows very little conflict among gene regions, with five well-supported clades corresponding to morphologically consistent species groups. The data very strongly indicate a polyphyletic genus Antanartia, and thus to preserve monophyly two species previously assigned to Antanartia are transferred to Vanessa, Vanessa hippomene comb.n. and Vanessa dimorphica comb.n., resulting in a total of 22 species placed in Vanessa. A biogeographical analysis shows that in many cases the most geographically restricted species are sister to geographically widespread species, suggesting dispersal and allopatric speciation. Surprisingly, in almost all cases the divergences between widespread and restricted species are quite old (> 5 Ma), suggesting long-term isolation and stability of both vagile and sedentary species, despite the high (even intercontinental) vagility of many extant species and, by extension, ancestral species. The biogeography of Vanessa suggests that species vagility and allopatry do not fully explain the forces governing cladogenesis in this remarkable genus.10abranch support10abutterflies10aCOLONIZATION10adata sets10adiversification10aHAWAII10ahistorical biogeography10aLEPIDOPTERA10amorphology10aNymphalidae10aPacific Insects10aPapilionoidea10aphylogenetic-relationships10aradiation10asequence data10asystematics10aVanessa1 aWahlberg, N.1 aRubinoff, D.  uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/242