03140nas a2200277 4500008004100000245015900041210006900200260003000269300001100299490000600310520227000316653001402586653001502600653002502615653001102640653000902651653001602660653002002676653001602696653001602712100002102728700002502749700002202774700002202796856004402818 2011 eng d00aGeographic proximity not a prerequisite for invasion: Hawaii not the aource of California invasion by light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana)0 aGeographic proximity not a prerequisite for invasion Hawaii not  bPublic Library of Science ae163610 v63 aThe light brown apple moth (LBAM), Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), is native to Australia but invaded England, New Zealand, and Hawaii more than 100 years ago. In temperate climates, LBAM can be a major agricultural pest. In 2006 LBAM was discovered in California, instigating eradication efforts and quarantine against Hawaiian agriculture, the assumption being that Hawaii was the source of the California infestation. Genetic relationships among populations in Hawaii, California, and New Zealand are crucial to understanding LBAM invasion dynamics across the Pacific.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We sequenced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 1293 LBAM individuals from California (695), Hawaii (448), New Zealand (147), and Australia (3) to examine haplotype diversity and structure among introduced populations, and evaluate the null hypothesis that invasive populations are from a single panmictic source. However, invasive populations in California and New Zealand harbor deep genetic diversity, whereas Hawaii shows low level, shallow diversity.

Conclusions/Significance

LBAM recently has established itself in California, but was in Hawaii and New Zealand for hundreds of generations, yet California and New Zealand show similar levels of genetic diversity relative to Hawaii. Thus, there is no clear relationship between duration of invasion and genetic structure. Demographic statistics suggest rapid expansion occurring in California and past expansions in New Zealand; multiple introductions of diverse, genetically fragmented lineages could contribute to these patterns. Hawaii and California share no haplotypes, therefore, Hawaii is not the source of the California introduction. Paradoxically, Hawaii and California share multiple haplotypes with New Zealand. New Zealand may be the source for the California and Hawaii infestations, but the introductions were independent, and Hawaii was invaded only once. This has significant implications for quarantine, and suggests that probability of invasion is not directly related to geographic distance. Surprisingly, Hawaiian LBAM populations have much lower genetic diversity than California, despite being older.

10aArchipini10aCalifornia10aEpiphyas postvittana10aHAWAII10aLBAM10aLEPIDOPTERA10aPacific Insects10aTORTRICIDAE10aTortricinae1 aRubinoff, Daniel1 aHolland, Brenden, S.1 aSan Jose, Michael1 aPowell, Jerry, A. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/20202001nas a2200325 4500008004500000020001400045245005700059210005000116260000900166300001200175490001000187520119200197653001101389653001401400653001501414653001401429653001701443653001301460653001101473653000901484653001601493653001801509653002001527653001501547653002501562653001001587653001501597100001901612856004401631 1997 Engldsh  a0024-096600aLarval hosts of Uresiphita Hubner (Crambidae)0 aLarval hosts of iUresiphitai Hubner Crambidae c1997 a139-1480 v51(2)3 aA survey of the literature and museum collections of Uresiphita indicates larval hosts are primarily quinolizidirie-bearing plants in tribes of the Fabaceae. Three species, Uresiphita reversalis, U. ornithopteralis and U. polygonalis, were collected from seven genera in the Genisteae (Chamaecytisus, Genista, Lupinus, Spartium, Laburnum, Ulex and Cytisus) and from three genera in the Sophoreae (Sophora, Pericopsis and Bolusanthus). Two species, U. reversalis and U. polygonalis, were collected from three genera in the Thermopsidae (Baptisia, Anagyris and Piptanthus) and two, U. reversalis and U. ornithopteralis, were collected from two genera in the Bossiaceeae (Hovea and Templetonia). A few legume species that are not known to bear quinolizidine alkaloids were also reported. In particular, U. reversalis, U. polygonalis, and U. ornithopteralis were each collected from Acacia (Mimosaceae) in areas as widely distributed as Australia and the United States (California, Texas and Hawaii). This is a consistent anomaly in the overall host-use pattern. Other nonleguminous species have been reported but are probably not indicative of hosts upon which development may be completed.10aAcacia10aAustralia10aCalifornia10aCrambidae10adistribution10afabaceae10aHAWAII10aHOST10aLEPIDOPTERA10aNorth America10aPacific Insects10aPyraloidea10aSophora chrysophylla10aTexas10aUresiphita1 aLeen, Rosemary uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/118