02567nas a2200325 4500008004100000245008900041210006900130300001000199490000900209520169700218653001701915653001601932653001501948653001401963653001001977653000801987653002001995653001402015653001602029653001102045100001702056700001702073700001802090700002102108700001802129700001402147700001902161700001702180856004402197 2008 eng d00aMolecular systematics and biogeography of the genus Zizina (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)0 aMolecular systematics and biogeography of the genus Zizina Lepid a15-380 v17463 aButterflies of the genus Zizina are widely distributed in all zoogeographical regions except the New World (North and South America) and the northern part of Eurasia. We address some of the problems in regard to the taxonomy and biogeography of the genus. We inferred phylogenetic relationships for all four species in the current classification of this genus from the ND5 region of mtDNA. From our molecular analyses and morphological evidence, we concluded that this genus contains three species; Z. otis, Z. oxleyi and Z. emelina. The status of the latter species is revised, while Z. labradus and Z. antanossa, which were formerly treated as specifically distinct, are regarded as subspecies of Z. otis. Based on our analyses, we also employ phylogeography to discuss possible speciation events in the genus. Each of the three Zizina species appears to have branched from the common ancestor, with a divergence time estimated to be about 2.5 million years ago. The ancestors of Z. oxleyi and Z. emelina are postulated to have adapted to a temperate climate, diverged in the northern and southern hemispheres, and resulted in the extant species from New Zealand and East Asia, respectively. In contrast, the ancestor of Z. otis adapted mainly to tropical and subtropical zones, and the extant Z. otis dispersed into the Afrotropical, Oriental and Australian regions. Feeding adaptations in the larvae also might have had an effect on speciation within Zizina. In addition, our results indicated that there is a possibility that the distribution of the New Zealand Z. oxleyi was reduced in extent by the introduction of Z. otis, which immigrated recently from Australia or its surroundings.10adistribution10aLEPIDOPTERA10aLycaenidae10aMOLECULAR10amtDNA10aND510aPacific Insects10aPhylogeny10asystematics10aZizina1 aYago, Masaya1 aHirai, Norio1 aKondo, Mariko1 aTanikawa, Tetsuo1 aIshii, Minoru1 aWang, Min1 aWilliams, Mark1 aUeshima, Rei uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/25403113nas a2200349 4500008004100000020001400041245017900055210006900234260002900303300001000332490000800342520209300350653002302443653001202466653000802478653000802486653002002494653001402514653001202528653001702540653001102557653001602568653001602584653002102600653001002621653001202631653002002643653001402663100002102677700002102698856004402719 2011 eng d a1096-364200aThe Hawaiian amphibious caterpillar guild: new species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) confirm distinct aquatic invasions and complex speciation patterns0 aHawaiian amphibious caterpillar guild new species of iHyposmocom bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a15-420 v1623 aAlthough aquatic caterpillars are a globally rare lifestyle, we have found them in multiple, independent lineages of the endemic moth genus Hyposmocoma across all of the Hawaiian Islands with flowing water. We formally describe 11 new species of Hyposmocoma that belong to four different larval case types: cone, bugle, medium burrito, and large burrito: Hyposmocoma kahamanoasp. nov. from Oahu Island, Hyposmocoma kamakou sp. nov. from Molokai Island, Hyposmocoma kahaiaosp. nov., Hyposmocoma waihohonusp. nov., and Hyposmocoma moopalikeasp. nov. from Maui Island, andHyposmocoma aumakuawaisp. nov.,Hyposmocoma eepawaisp. nov., Hyposmocoma ipowainuisp. nov., Hyposmocoma kawaikoisp. nov., Hyposmocoma uhauiolesp. nov., and Hyposmocoma wailuasp. nov. from Kauai Island. We also illustrate and describe in detail the aquatic case-bearing larva of Hyposmocoma kahamanoa. Despite having similar ecologies as algae and lichen grazers at and below the water line of streams, prior research indicates that species with each case type constitute an independent lineage, with terrestrial sister taxa, and therefore the different groups of species bearing unique case types each represent an independent aquatic invasion. The case-bearing larvae often occur sympatrically, and on Kauai even species with similar case-types occur together, suggesting complex patterns of speciation and either past periods of isolation or sympatric speciation. Phylogenetic analysis of 2243 base pairs from two nuclear and one mitochondrial gene for 18 species confirm that each species is endemic to a single volcano, and that morphological divergence within case-types has not been dramatic. Diversification has been complex, and superficially similar case type lineages are not all monophyletic. Kauai, the oldest but smallest of the major high islands, supports more species in the aquatic guild than any other island, thus island age, rather than size, may be important in generating diversity in this group. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 162, 15–42.10aadaptive radiation10aaquatic10aCAD10aCOI10aCosmopterigidae10aEF1 alpha10aENDEMIC10aGelechioidea10aHAWAII10aHyposmocoma10aLEPIDOPTERA10aMicrolepidoptera10amtDNA10anuclear10aPacific Insects10aPhylogeny1 aSchmitz, Patrick1 aRubinoff, Daniel uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/21202212nas a2200229 4500008004100000245011900041210006900160300001200229490000700241520153500248653001201783653001501795653001201810653001101822653001801833653002001851653001401871653001401885100001801899700002101917856004401938 2007 eng d00aSystematics and biology of the endemic water scavenger beetles of Hawaii (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae, Hydrophilini)0 aSystematics and biology of the endemic water scavenger beetles o a601-6240 v323 aAbstract. Recent field surveys in the Hawaiian Islands have revealed an adaptive radiation of endemic water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Phylogenetic analysis based on 55 adult morphological characters affirms that this endemic hydrophilid fauna is a monophyletic clade that incorporates the first well-supported transformation from an aquatic to terrestrial way of life within any lineage of the subfamily Hydrophilinae. The clade is prescribed to the genus Limnoxenus Motschulsky, where described members were previously placed. Five new species are described: L. waialeale sp.n. (Kauai), L. kauaiensis sp.n. (Kauai), L. oahuensis sp.n. (Oahu), L. punctatostriatus sp.n. (Kauai) and L. namolokama sp.n. (Kauai). Lectotypes are designated for the two previously described species L. semicylindricus (Eschscholtz) and L. nesiticus (Sharp). The Hawaiian lineage is a component of a larger clade that also includes the remaining four species of Limnoxenus from Europe, South Africa, and Australia, plus the monotypic genera Limnocyclus Balfour-Browne of New Caledonia and Hydramara Knisch of South America. The majority of the Hawaiian species exhibit vestigial wings, an extremely unusual condition in aquatic beetles. No other island-endemic members of the Hydrophilinae are known to be flightless, suggesting insularity per se is not responsible for this condition. L. nesiticus of Oahu has not been collected during the past 106 years, suggesting that it has been lost to anthropogenically mediated extinction.10aaquatic10aColeoptera10aENDEMIC10aHAWAII10aHydrophilidae10aPacific Insects10aPhylogeny10aradiation1 aShort, A.E.Z.1 aLiebherr, J., K. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/21501894nas a2200229 4500008004500000020001400045245013700059210006900196300001000265520118400275653002001459653001701479653001101496653001601507653001601523653002001539653001401559653001401573100001601587700001701603856004401620 2009 Engldsh  a1175-532600aNew species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa0 aNew species of Hyposmocoma Lepidoptera Cosmopterigidae from the  a37-533 aThe endemic Hawaiian cosmopterigid moth genus Hyposmocoma Butler, 1881 contains 315 described species, making it one of the Archipelago's most diverse radiations. However, only one species was previously described as endemic to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI), and prior taxonomic work in the region has been problematic. The NWHI represent a series of much older island remnants and atolls that were formerly high islands of much greater diversity. Systematic relationships within and between Hyposmocoma on the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands may have implications for understanding not only the biogeography of Hyposmocoma but of Hawaiian radiations in general. We describe eight new species of Hyposmocoma endemic to the NWHI: H. laysanensis sp. nov. and H. ekemamao sp. nov. from Laysan Island, H. opuumaloo sp. nov. and H. mokumana sp. nov. from Necker Island, and H. nihoa sp. nov., H. kikokolu sp. nov., H. menehune sp. nov., and H. papahanau sp. nov. from Nihoa Island. This work represents the first inclusive taxonomic treatment of Hyposmocoma in the NWHI and may serve as a basis for studies both of Hyposmocoma, and broader biogeographic research on the NWHI.10aCosmopterigidae10aGelechioidea10aHAWAII10aHyposmocoma10aLEPIDOPTERA10aPacific Insects10aPhylogeny10aradiation1 aSchmitz, P.1 aRubinoff, D. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/21001526nas a2200217 4500008004100000020001400041245015100055210006900206300001400275490001000289520083900299653001201138653001101150653001001161653002001171653001401191653001401205100002001219700002501239856004401264 2008 eng d a1055-790300aMitochondrial phylogeny of the endemic Hawaiian craneflies (Diptera, Limoniidae, Dicranomyia): Implications for biogeography and species formation0 aMitochondrial phylogeny of the endemic Hawaiian craneflies Dipte a1182-11900 v46(3)3 aThe present study is a preliminary investigation into the phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic patterns in the endemic Hawaiian Dicranomyia. The complex patterns of dispersal within this group stand in stark contrast to the simple patterns seen in other Hawaiian groups (e.g., Hawaiian Drosophila, Bonacum et al., 2005 J. Bonacum, P.M. O’Grady, M.P. Kambysellis and R. DeSalle, Phylogeny and age of diversification of the Planitibia species group of the Hawaiian Drosophila, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37 (1) (2005), p. 73. Article | PDF (418 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (13)Bonacum et al., 2005). The genus Dicranomyia is found on islands throughout the Pacific where it seems to have diversified extensively. This group will be an interesting model system for future biogeographic studies.10aDIPTERA10aHAWAII10amtDNA10aPacific Insects10aPhylogeny10aTipulidae1 aNitta, Joel, H.1 aO'Grady, Patrick, M. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/16301906nas a2200229 4500008004100000245009600041210006900137300001200206490000600218520125500224653001701479653001201496653001801508653001101526653001001537653002001547653001401567653001501581100002001596700001601616856004401632 2008 eng d00aOut of Hawaii: the origin and biogeography of the genus Scaptomyza (Diptera: Drosophilidae)0 aOut of Hawaii the origin and biogeography of the genus Scaptomyz a195-1990 v43 aThe Hawaiian Archipelago is the most isolated island system on the planet and has been the subject of evolutionary research for over a century. The largest radiation of species in Hawaii is the Hawaiian Drosophilidae, a group of approximately 1000 species. Dispersal to isolated island systems like Hawaii is rare and the resultant flora and fauna shows high disharmony with mainland communities. The possibility that some lineages may have originated in Hawaii and subsequently ‘escaped’ to diversify on continental landmasses is expected to be rarer still. We present phylogenetic analysis of 134 partially sequenced mitochondrial genomes of Drosophilidae (approx. 1.3Mb of sequence total) to address major aspects of adaptive radiation and dispersal in Hawaii. We show that the genus Scaptomyza, a group that accounts for approximately one-third of the species-level diversity of Drosophilidae in the Hawaiian Islands, originated in Hawaii, diversified there, and subsequently colonized a number of island and continental landmasses elsewhere on the globe. We propose that a combination of small body size, rapid generation time and unique ecological and physiological adaptations have allowed this genus to effectively disperse and diversify.10aBIOGEOGRAPHY10aDIPTERA10aDrosophilidae10aHAWAII10amtDNA10aPacific Insects10aPhylogeny10aScaptomyza1 aO'Grady, P., M.1 aDeSalle, R. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/16902308nas a2200313 4500008004100000020001400041245011900055210006900174300001200243490000700255520141500262653002301677653001201700653001501712653001801727653001201745653001101757653001001768653002001778653001401798100002501812700002501837700001901862700002101881700001701902700001401919700001701933856004401950 2011 eng d a1055-790300aPhylogenetic and ecological relationships of the Hawaiian Drosophila inferred by mitochondrial DNA analysis0 aPhylogenetic and ecological relationships of the Hawaiian iDroso a244-2560 v583 aThe Hawaiian Drosophilidae are comprised of an estimated 1000 species, all arising from a single common ancestor in the last 25 million years. This group, because of its species diversity, marked sexual dimorphism and complex mating behavior, host plant specificity, and the well-known chronology of the Hawaiian Archipelago, is an excellent model system for evolutionary studies. Here we present a phylogeny of this group based on ~2.6 kb of mitochondrial DNA sequence. Our taxon sampling is the most extensive to date, with nearly 200 species representing all species groups and most subgroups from the larger clades. Our results suggest that the picture wing and modified mouthpart species, long believed to be derived within this radiation, may actually occupy a basal position in the phylogeny. The haleakale species group, in contrast, is strongly supported as sister to the AMC clade. We use the phylogenetic results to examine the evolution of two important ecological characters, the host family and type of substrate used for oviposition and larval development. Although both host and substrate transitions are common in the group, oviposition substrate is more conserved among species groups than host plant family. While the ancestral host plant family is equivocally reconstructed, our results suggest that the ancestor of this group may have used rotting bark as a primary oviposition substrate.10aadaptive radiation10aDIPTERA10aDrosophila10aDrosophilidae10aecology10aHAWAII10amtDNA10aPacific Insects10aPhylogeny1 aO'Grady, Patrick, M.1 aLapoint, Richard, T.1 aBonacum, James1 aLasola, Jackline1 aOwen, Elaine1 aWu, Yifei1 aDeSalle, Rob uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/17003014nas a2200325 4500008004100000020001400041245011200055210006900167260002900236300001200265490000700277520206400284653001402348653002302362653001702385653002102402653001402423653001602437653001102453653001002464653003402474653001702508653002002525653001402545653001402559653001702573100002602590700002802616856004402644 2011 eng d a1365-269900aBiogeography and the evolution of flightlessness in a radiation of Hawaiian moths (Xyloryctidae: Thyrocopa)0 aBiogeography and the evolution of flightlessness in a radiation  bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a101-1110 v383 aAim Although the ability to fly confers benefits to most insects, some taxa have become secondarily flightless. Insect flightlessness may be more likely to evolve in environments such as islands and other windswept and alpine areas, but this prediction has rarely been tested while controlling for phylogenetic effects. Here we present a phylogeny for the endemic Hawaiian Lepidoptera genus Thyrocopa, which has two flightless species that occur in alpine areas on Maui and Hawaii islands, in order to determine whether the flightless species are sister to each other or represent separate losses of flight. We also explore divergence times and biogeographic patterns of inter-island colonization in Thyrocopa, and present the first Hawaiian study to sample a genus from nine islands. Location The Hawaiian Islands. Methods The phylogeny is composed of 70 individuals (including 23 Thyrocopa species and 7 outgroup species) sequenced for portions of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, elongation factor 1α and wingless genes, for a total of 1964 base pairs, and was estimated using both parsimony (paup*) and Bayesian inference (MrBayes). Divergence times were estimated using the beast software package. Results Our results indicate that two independent invasions of alpine habitats with concomitant loss of flight have occurred in Thyrocopa. Based on current taxon sampling, Thyrocopa colonized the Hawaiian Islands slightly before the formation of Kauai. In terms of overall patterns of diversification, subclades generally follow a progression from older to younger islands. The genus has the greatest number of species on Kauai, with species numbers generally decreasing with decreasing island age. Main conclusions Loss of flight ability has evolved twice in a short period of geological time in Thyrocopa, perhaps as a result of low temperatures, high winds and/or a lack of predation pressure. However, several other Thyrocopa species that live on small islands with consistently high winds, such as Necker and Nihoa islands, retain the ability to fly.10adispersal10aflightless insects10aGelechioidea10aisland evolution10aKahoolawe10aLEPIDOPTERA10aNecker10aNihoa10aNorthwestern Hawaiian Islands10aOecophoridae10aPacific Insects10aPhylogeny10aThyrocopa10aXyloryctidae1 aMedeiros, Matthew, J.1 aGillespie, Rosemary, G. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/13402074nas a2200253 4500008004600000245011200046210006900158520131100227653001701538653001401555653001901569653001701588653001101605653001601616653001701632653002001649653001401669653001901683653001401702653001701716100002101733700002201754856004401776 Submitted eng d 00aHabitat dictates the evolution of flightlessness in a radiation of Hawaiian moths (Thyrocopa: Xyloryctidae)0 aHabitat dictates the evolution of flightlessness in a radiation 3 aAlthough the ability to fly confers benefits to most insects, some taxa have become secondarily flightless. Insect flightlessness may be more likely to evolve in environments such as islands and other windswept and alpine areas, but this prediction has rarely been tested while controlling for phylogenetic effects. Here we present a phylogeny for the endemic Hawaiian Lepidoptera genus Thyrocopa, which has two flightless species that occur in alpine areas on Maui and Hawaii islands, and other volant species that live in below-alpine areas. We also explore patterns of inter-island colonization in Thyrocopa, and present the first Hawaiian study to sample a genus from nine islands. The phylogeny is composed of 63 individuals sequenced for portions of COI, EF1α, and wingless, for a total of 1964 base pairs.Results: Our results indicate that two independent invasions of alpine habitats with concomitant loss of flight have occurred in Thyrocopa. Conclusions: Loss of flight ability has evolved in a short period of geologic time in Thyrocopa, perhaps as a result of cold temperatures, high winds, and/or a lack of predation pressure. However, several other Thyrocopa species that live on small islands with consistently high winds, such as Necker and Nihoa islands, retain the ability to fly. 10aBIOGEOGRAPHY10adispersal10aflightlessness10aGelechioidea10aHAWAII10aLEPIDOPTERA10aOecophoridae10aPacific Insects10aPhylogeny10aPhylogeography10aThyrocopa10aXyloryctidae1 aMedeiros, M., J.1 aGillespie, R., G. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/13502366nas a2200301 4500008004500000020001400045245010000059210006900159260000800228300001000236490000700246520156900253653000801822653001401830653001101844653001601855653001501871653002001886653001401906653001501920653001901935653001701954653000901971653001301980100001401993700001302007856004402020 2011 Engldsh  a1863-722100aMolecular and morphological phylogeny of European Udea moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea)0 aMolecular and morphological phylogeny of European Udea moths Ins cMar a55-710 v693 aUdea Guenee, 1845, comprising more than 200 species, predominantly occurs in temperate Eurasia and the New World, with few representatives on the southern continents of the Old World. We present a first phylogenetic analysis for the genus, mainly based on European species. We applied Bayesian and Maximum Parsimony approaches to a combined dataset of coxI (1,415 bp) and wingless (363 bp) sequences as well as morphological characters. The analysis of the concatenated dataset partitions with Bayesian inference yielded a hypothetical tree with 26 well supported (posterior probability >= 0.95) monophyla. A clade including the genera Deana, Mnesictena and Udeoides from the southern continents of the Old World is found as sister group to Udea. European Udea species do not form a monophyletic group in itself. There are four monophyla found within European Udea, the ferrugalis, itysalis, alpinalis, and numeralis species groups. These are well supported by molecular and morphological data. According to morphology, all four species groups have representatives also in other parts of the Holarctic region. Our data support the hypothesis that all Udea species endemic to oceanic islands in the Atlantic and Pacific belong to the ferrugalis group and all those endemic to the European Alps to the alpinalis group. Our data imply that the ancestors of two island species (Udea azorensis, U. delineatalis) have colonised the respective islands via ocean surface currents. Altogether, we are able to place 54 of the 213 described (Idea species into species groups.10aCOI10aCrambidae10aEurope10aLEPIDOPTERA10amorphology10aPacific Insects10aPhylogeny10aPyraloidea10aspecies groups10aSpilomelinae10aUdea10awingless1 aMally, R.1 aNuss, M. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/12902398nas a2200313 4500008004500000245010900045210006900154300001200223490000700235520151300242653001801755653001501773653001701788653001201805653002101817653001101838653000901849653002001858653001401878653001601892653001601908653001301924100002101937700002401958700002001982700001702002700002102019856004402040 2006 Engldsh 00aPhylogeny of the Oxycoryninae sensu lato (Coleoptera : Belidae) and evolution of host-plant associations0 aPhylogeny of the Oxycoryninae sensu lato Coleoptera Belidae and  a447-4760 v203 aPhylogenetic relationships among the genera of the subfamily Oxycoryninae and other belids (Curculionoidea) were reconstructed by cladistic analysis using 21 terminals and 98 characters: 62 from imaginal morphology, 33 from larval morphology and three biological characters relating to host plants and larval feeding habits. Terminal taxa represent all extant genera of Oxycoryninae, two genera of each of the three tribes of Belinae plus two outgroup taxa used to root the tree. New information on the larvae and biology of the metrioxenines is used in phylogenetic reconstruction. In accord with the single optimal cladogram obtained, a revised classification of the Oxycoryninae is proposed. The subfamily is classified into three tribes (Oxycorynini, Metrioxenini and Aglycyderini), with the tribe Oxycorynini further classified into three subtribes (Oxycraspedina Marvaldi & Oberprieler, subtr. nov., Oxycorynina and Allocorynina) and the tribe Metrioxenini into two subtribes (Metrioxenina and Afrocorynina (= Hispodini, syn. nov.)). Larval and adult unambiguous synapomorphies defining each clade are identified. Tracing the evolution of biological traits from the phylogenetic estimate indicates that drastic shifts to phylogenetically distant host plants occurred from the ancestral belid association with conifers. Structural, chemical and/or ecological similarities of the plant organs consumed apparently had a major influence in the colonisation of different plant taxa by this group of weevils.10aAglycyderidae10aColeoptera10adistribution10aecology10aFrench Polynesia10aHAWAII10aHOST10aPacific Insects10aPhylogeny10aProterhinus10asystematics10ataxonomy1 aMarvaldi, A., E.1 aOberprieler, R., G.1 aLyal, C., H. C.1 aBradbury, T.1 aAnderson, R., S. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/13001908nas a2200289 4500008004100000020001400041245008200055210006900137260000800206300001200214490000700226520114000233653001201373653001201385653001201397653002101409653001001430653002001440653001401460653001401474653001501488653002001503100001601523700001801539700001701557856004401574 2007 eng d a0018-067X00aGenetic variation tracks ecological segregation in Pacific island black flies0 aGenetic variation tracks ecological segregation in Pacific islan cOct a452-4590 v993 aGeographic isolation is widely viewed as a key component of insular radiations on islands. However, strong ecological affinities may also reinforce isolation and promote genetic divergence. The black fly fauna in the Society Islands French Polynesia is notable for the number of closely related endemic species (31), and the morphological and habitat diversity of the larvae. Here, we measure ecological and morphological differences within and between two closely related species, Simulium oviceps and Simulium dussertorum and relate these differences to genetic distance. Phylogenetic analyses of a 920 bp fragment of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene revealed a well-supported, ecologically divergent S. oviceps clade (larvae found in rivers instead of cascades) that shows little morphological differentiation. For both S. oviceps and S. dussertorum, genetic distance among populations is related to larval habitat, with cascade populations showing greater isolation from each other than river populations. Our data support the hypothesis that larval ecological shifts have played a role in the radiation of this black fly fauna.10aaquatic10aDIPTERA10aecology10aFrench Polynesia10amtDNA10aPacific Insects10aPhylogeny10aradiation10aSimuliidae10aSociety Islands1 aJoy, D., A.1 aCraig, D., A.1 aConn, J., E. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/10803786nas a2200313 4500008004500000020001400045245010400059210006900163260000800232300001400240490000800254520293400262653001903196653002303215653001503238653001003253653001803263653001403281653001503295653001103310653001003321653002003331653001403351653001103365653001503376100001803391700002003409856004303429 2008 Engldsh  a0962-843600aMolecular biogeography and diversification of the endemic terrestrial fauna of the Hawaiian Islands0 aMolecular biogeography and diversification of the endemic terres cOct a3363-33760 v3633 aOceanic islands have played a central role in biogeography and evolutionary biology. Here, we review molecular studies of the endemic terrestrial fauna of the Hawaiian archipelago. For some groups, monophyly and presumed single origin of the Hawaiian radiations have been confirmed ( achatinelline tree snails, drepanidine honeycreepers, drosophilid flies, Havaika spiders, Hylaeus bees, Laupala crickets). Other radiations are derived from multiple colonizations ( Tetragnatha and Theridion spiders, succineid snails, possibly Dicranomyia crane flies, Porzana rails). The geographic origins of many invertebrate groups remain obscure, largely because of inadequate sampling of possible source regions. Those of vertebrates are better known, probably because few lineages have radiated, diversity is far lower and morphological taxonomy permits identification of probable source regions. Most birds, and the bat, have New World origins. Within the archipelago, most radiations follow, to some degree, a progression rule pattern, speciating as they colonize newer from older islands sequentially, although speciation often also occurs within islands. Most invertebrates are single-island endemics. However, among multi-island species studied, complex patterns of diversification are exhibited, reflecting heightened dispersal potential ( succineids, Dicranomyia). Instances of Hawaiian taxa colonizing other regions are being discovered ( Scaptomyza flies, succineids). Taxonomy has also been elucidated by molecular studies ( Achatinella snails, drosophilids). While molecular studies on Hawaiian fauna have burgeoned since the mid-1990s, much remains unknown. Yet the Hawaiian fauna is in peril: more than 70 per cent of the birds and possibly 90 per cent of the snails are extinct. Conservation is imperative if this unique fauna is to continue shedding light on profound evolutionary and biogeographic questions.SUMMARY: The progression rule pattern provides a predictive theoretical framework against which lineage age, bifurcation order and colonization timing can be better understood, especially when applied within a comparative approach. Overall, many groups examined to date follow, at least roughly, a progression rule pattern of diversification, wherein the most basal taxa occur on the oldest island in the distribution of the lineage. However, a number of biogeographic patterns in terrestrial Hawaiian radiations are complex (Funk & Wagner 1995; Holland & Hadfield 2004). While some endemic groups clearly originated on Kauai, others appear to have first colonized either Oahu (achatinelline tree snails), Maui Nui (Laupala cerasina group, crickets) or the island of Hawaii (Hylaeus bees and one lineage of succineid snails: clade B, figure 2). In a few groups (Havaika spiders, Banza crickets, Dicranomyia crane flies), neither the original island colonized nor the subsequent pattern of diversification is clear.10aAchatinellidae10aadaptive radiation10aarthropods10aBIRDS10aconveyor belt10adispersal10aDrosophila10aHAWAII10amtDNA10aPacific Insects10aPhylogeny10asnails10aSPECIATION1 aCowie, R., H.1 aHolland, B., S. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/3602377nas a2200241 4500008004100000245017400041210006900215300001200284490000700296520161500303653001201918653001701930653001401947653001101961653002001972653001401992653001202006653001602018100001902034700001802053700002202071856004202093 2007 eng d00aMolecular insights into the phylogenetic structure of the spider genus Theridion (Araneae, Theridiidae) and the origin of the Hawaiian Theridion-like fauna0 aMolecular insights into the phylogenetic structure of the spider a337-3520 v363 aThe Hawaiian happy face spider (Theridion grallator Simon, 1900), named for a remarkable abdominal colour pattern resembling a smiling face, has served as a model organism for understanding the generation of genetic diversity. Theridion grallator is one of 11 endemic Hawaiian species of the genus reported to date. Asserting the origin of island endemics informs on the evolutionary context of diversification, and how diversity has arisen on the islands. Studies on the genus Theridion in Hawaii, as elsewhere, have long been hampered by its large size (> 600 species) and poor definition. Here we report results of phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequences of five genes conducted on five diverse species of Hawaiian Theridion, along with the most intensive sampling of Theridiinae analysed to date. Results indicate that the Hawaiian Islands were colonised by two independent Theridiinae lineages, one of which originated in the Americas. Both lineages have undergone local diversification in the archipelago and have convergently evolved similar bizarre morphs. Our findings confirm para- or polyphyletic status of the largest Theridiinae genera: Theridion, Achaearanea and Chrysso. Convergent simplification of the palpal organ has occurred in the Hawaiian Islands and in two continental lineages. The results confirm the convergent evolution of social behaviour and web structure, both already documented within the Theridiidae. Greater understanding of phylogenetic relationships within the Theridiinae is key to understanding of behavioural and morphological evolution in this highly diverse group.10aAraneae10aBIODIVERSITY10aEVOLUTION10aHAWAII10aPacific Insects10aPhylogeny10aSpiders10aTheridiidae1 aArnedo, M., A.1 aAgnarsson, I.1 aGillespie, R., G. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/400768nas a2200253 4500008004100000245010300041210006900144260004600213300001100259653002300270653001400293653001100307653001400318653001600332653000900348653001200357653002000369653001400389653001900403100001600422700001900438700001500457856004200472 1995 eng d00aEvolution of Sarona (Heteroptera, Miridae): Speciation on geographic and ecological islands0 aEvolution of iSarona iHeteroptera Miridae Speciation on geograph aWashingtonbSmithsonian Institution Press a91-12010aadaptive radiation10aEVOLUTION10aHAWAII10aHemiptera10aHeteroptera10aHOST10aMiridae10aPacific Insects10aPhylogeny10aPhylogeography1 aAsquith, A.1 aWagner, D., L.1 aFunk, D.J. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/502226nas a2200265 4500008004100000245021000041210006900251300000900320490000900329520137600338653002001714653001701734653001701751653001601768653001101784653001401795653000901809653001701818653002001835653001401855653001301869100001801882700001801900856004201918 2011 eng d00aReview of the native Hawaiian leafhopper genus Nesophrosyne (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) with description of eight new species associated with Broussaisia arguta (Hydrangeaceae)0 aReview of the native Hawaiian leafhopper genus iNesophrosyne iHe a1-250 v28053 aA review of the native Hawaiian leafhopper genus Nesophrosyne (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) is presented. Specimens were examined from across the entire Hawaiian Archipelago, Nesophrosyne is redescribed, and the subgenus Nesoreias is synonymized with Nesophrosyne. Eight new species associated with the widespread host plant species Broussaisia arguta are described: N. heopoko sp. n. from Kaua’i; N. makaihe sp. n. from O’ahu; N. magnaccai sp. n. from Moloka’i; N. broussaisiai sp. n., N. ogradyi sp. n., and N. kaupoi sp. n. from Maui; and, N. aakokohaikea sp. n. and N. kanawao sp. n. from Hawai’i Island. Morphological and molecular characters were employed to delineate new species. Populations associated with B. arguta on different islands, individual volcanic mountains, and discrete geographic areas represent reciprocally monophyletic species. A monophyletic complex of five sibling species, morphologically cryptic on individual islands, were identified from Maui and Hawai’i Island. The kanawao species group is erected for these species and is further subdivided into two species subgroups based on monophyly, island endemicity, and morphology: broussaisiai species subgroup containing N. broussaisiai, N. ogradyi, and N. kaupoi on Maui; and, aakokohaikea species subgroup containing N. aakokohaikea and N. kanawao on Hawai’i Island.10aAuchenorrhyncha10aBIOGEOGRAPHY10aCicadellidae10adescription10aHAWAII10aHemiptera10aHOST10aNesophrosyne10aPacific Insects10aPhylogeny10ataxonomy1 aBennett, G.M.1 aO'Grady, P.M. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/9