02120nas a2200229   4500008004100000020001400041245008900055210006900144300001100213490000700224520148500231653001501716653000901731653001601740653001501756653001401771653002001785653000901805100001401814700001801828856004401846       1989                        eng d  a0026-279X00aBiological control activities in the Mariana Islands Pacific Ocean from 1911 to 19880 aBiological control activities in the Mariana Islands Pacific Oce  a65-1060 v223 aBiological control started in the Marianas in 1911. Biocontrol agents have been introduced to control herbivorous insects, weeds, dung, molluscs, livestock pests, mosquitoes and household pests. In all, 104 species of insects, two predatory mites, three snails, one nematode and four vertebrates have been intentionally introduced to Guam for the purposes of controlling 41 pest species. Of the insect species, 34 established, 48 did not establish, 5 established temporarily and the status of the rest is not known. Additional introductions were made to other islands in the Marianas. Among the pests most successfully controlled by biological agents were Achatina fulica, Aleurocanthus spiniferus, Aleurothrixus floccosus, Aspidiotus destructor, Brontispa mariana, B. palauensis, Epilachna vigintisexpunctata philippinensis, Nipaecoccus viridis, Erionota thrax, Penicillaria jocosatrix, and Spodoptera litura. Two weeds, Lantana camara and Chromolaena odorata have been successfully controlled by herbivorous insects. Most attempts at biological control in the Marianas have been transfers of species successfully introduced elsewhere. Most species introduced from temperate climatic zones failed to establish. Species which established on Hawaii [USA] frequently established on Guam as well. Reasons for failure to establish were varied. Against Homopteran pests, 58% of the introduced natural enemies established. The establishment rate against Lepidoptera and Diptera was low.10abiocontrol10aGuam10aLEPIDOPTERA10aMicronesia10aNoctuidae10aPacific Insects10apest1 aNafus, D.1 aSchreiner, I.  uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/159