02747nas a2200361 4500008004500000020001400045245012000059210006900179260000800248300001200256490000700268520176500275653000802040653001702048653001702065653001502082653001702097653001502114653001602129653002402145653002102169653001002190653001602200653002002216653000902236100001602245700001402261700001602275700001702291700001702308700001602325856004402341 2008 Engldsh  a1343-878600aDifferences in endemic insect assemblages among vegetation types on a small island of the oceanic Ogasawara Islands0 aDifferences in endemic insect assemblages among vegetation types cJun a131-1410 v113 aNatural vegetation is often replaced by invasive alien plants on isolated oceanic islands. To determine how invasive alien plants affect insect diversity, we compared flying insects captured using Malaise traps among different vegetation types on a small island (Nishijima; 0.49 km(2)) in the oceanic Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands in the north-western Pacific. The numbers of individuals and species, and the species composition of pollinators (bees), predators (wasps) and wood borers (cerambycid, mordellid and elaterid beetles) were compared among three vegetation types: Casuarina equisetifolia (an invasive alien tree) forest, natural forest and natural grassland (forest edge), during two seasons (June and October-November 2005). In traps, 80.0, 66.7, 87.5, 85.7 and 100.0% of bee, wasp, cerambycid, mordellid and elaterid beetle species, respectively, were endemic to the Ogasawara Islands. Grassland had the highest wasp and bee species richness, whereas natural forest had the highest species richness of wood-boring beetles. The C. equisetifolia forest had the poorest species richness for most insect groups (except mordellid beetles). More individuals of most insect groups (except bees) were captured in June than in October-November. More individual bees and wasps were captured in grassland than in forests, whereas more individual mordellid and elaterid beetles were captured in forests than in grassland. The number of cerambycid individuals did not differ among vegetation types. Redundancy analysis suggested that most insect species preferred natural forest or grassland to alien forest. Therefore, further invasion of natural grassland and forest by the alien tree C. equisetifolia may negatively affect the endemic insect fauna of Nishijima.10abee10aBIODIVERSITY10aCerambycidae10aColeoptera10aCONSERVATION10aElateridae10aHYMENOPTERA10ainvasive alien tree10ainvasive species10aJapan10aMordellidae10aPacific Insects10awasp1 aSugiura, S.1 aTsuru, T.1 aYamaura, Y.1 aHasegawa, M.1 aMakihara, H.1 aMakinoi, S. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/22301683nas a2200277 4500008004500000020001400045245014800059210006900207300001000276490000900286520087300295653000801168653001701176653002001193653001601213653000901229653001201238653001101250653001601261653002101277653001001298653002001308100001601328700001701344856004401361 2008 Engldsh  a1175-532600aThree new species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the Hawaiian Islands, based on morphological and molecular evidence0 aThree new species of iHyposmocomai Lepidoptera Cosmopterigidae f a49-580 v18213 aThe Cosmopterigid genus Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) is endemic to Hawaii and contains over 350 recognized species, though only one new species has been described in the past 62 years. We describe and illustrate three new species of Hyposmocoma: Hyposmocoma kaupo sp. nov. from the island of Maui, H. kapakai sp. nov. from Oahu, and H. kaikuono sp. nov. from Molokai, all known from both sexes, and all apparently single-island endemics. The case-making larvae of all three species feed on lichen and organic debris on dry rocks in open or partly forested habitat. While morphological differences among these three species are small, genetic divergence across parts of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I and the nuclear genes elongation factor 1 alpha indicate universally deep divergence, making these taxa a classic example of sibling species.10aCOI10aCONSERVATION10aCosmopterigidae10adescription10aEF1a10aENDEMIC10aHAWAII10aHyposmocoma10aMicrolepidoptera10amtDNA10aPacific Insects1 aSchmitz, P.1 aRubinoff, D. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/20900485nas a2200169 4500008004100000020001400041245005500055210005300110300001200163490000700175653001700182653001600199653002000215653002000235100001600255856004400271 2008 eng d a1366-638X00aA special issue on insect conservation and islands0 aspecial issue on insect conservation and islands a195-1950 v1210aCONSERVATION10aLEPIDOPTERA10aPacific Insects10aPacific Islands1 aNew, T., R. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/16102785nas a2200421 4500008004100000020001400041245020700055210006900262300001200331490000600343520156800349653001501917653001201932653001901944653001701963653001701980653001001997653001302007653001202020653001502032653001502047653001302062653001702075653001102092653001802103653001602121653001402137653001402151653001802165653002002183653001502203653001602218653001602234100002302250700002602273700002002299856004402319 2004 eng d a1366-638X00aDifferential parasitism of seed-feeding Cydia (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by native and alien wasp species relative to elevation in subalpine Sophora (Fabaceae) forests on Mauna Kea, Hawaii0 aDifferential parasitism of seedfeeding iCydiai Lepidoptera Tortr a229-2400 v83 aAlien parasitic wasps, including accidental introductions and purposefully released biological control agents, have been implicated in the decline of native Hawaiian Lepidoptera. Understanding the potential impacts of alien wasps requires knowledge of ecological parameters that influence parasitism rates for species in their new environment. Sophora seed-feeding Cydia spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were surveyed for larval parasitoids to determine how native and alien wasps are partitioned over an elevation gradient (2200-2800 m) on Hawaii Island, Hawaii. Parasitism rate of native Euderus metallicus (Eulophidae) increased with increased elevation, while parasitism rate by immigrant Calliephialtes grapholithae (Ichneumonidae) decreased. Parasitism by Pristomerus hawaiiensis (Ichneumonidae), origins uncertain, also decreased with increased elevation. Two other species, Diadegma blackburni (Ichneumonidae), origins uncertain, and Brasema cushmani (Eupelmidae), a purposefully introduced biological control agent for pepper weevil, did not vary significantly with elevation. Results are contrasted with a previous study of this system with implications for the conservation of an endangered bird species that feed on Cydia larvae. Interpretation of results is hindered by lack of knowledge of autecology of moths and wasps, origins, phylogeny, systematics, competitive ability, and physiological limitations of each wasp species. These factors should be incorporated into risk analysis for biological control introductions and invasive species programs.10abiocontrol10aBrasema10aCALLIEPHIALTES10aCHALCIDOIDEA10aCONSERVATION10aCYDIA10aDIADEGMA10aEUDERUS10aEULOPHIDAE10aEUPELMIDAE10agradient10aGrapholitini10aHAWAII10aIchneumonidae10aLEPIDOPTERA10aMauna Kea10aNONTARGET10aOlethreutinae10aPacific Insects10aPARASITISM10aPRISTOMERUS10aTORTRICIDAE1 aOboyski, Peter, T.1 aSlotterback, John, W.1 aBanko, Paul, C. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/16701496nas a2200217 4500008004100000020001400041245007700055210006900132260000800201300001200209490000700221520088200228653001701110653001201127653002101139653002401160653002001184653001401204100001601218856004401234 2008 eng d a1366-638X00aInsect conservation on islands: setting the scene and defining the needs0 aInsect conservation on islands setting the scene and defining th cJul a197-2040 v123 aThe putative peculiarities of island insects and the factors important in their conservation are noted. Endemism and speciation lessons from island insects have contributed significantly to wider understanding of aspects of insect diversification. The twin complexes of threats to island insects involve (1) internal processes, essentially habitat changes by human activity, and their consequences and (2) externally-imposed effects from alien invasive species, both of these operating in environments that may lack much of the buffer capability present in larger continental areas or in richer communities. Many island insects now persist only in small inaccessible remnant habitats, and protecting these is a key theme in planning insect conservation on islands. The possible effects of climate change may be severe, particularly on ‘low islands’ such as many coral cays.10aCONSERVATION10ahabitat10ainvasive species10aisland biogeography10aPacific Insects10aradiation1 aNew, T., R. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/16001672nas a2200205 4500008004100000020002200041245005200063210005000115260003500165300001200200520108600212653001701298653001101315653001201326653002001338100002501358700002201383700001701405856004401422 2012 eng d a978-94-007-2963-600aDevelopment of insect conservation in Hawai‘i0 aDevelopment of insect conservation in Hawai i aNew YorkbSpringer Netherlands a359-3763 aAs the most isolated group of high islands in the world, the Hawaiian archipelago occupies a very special place in insect conservation: first as a cradle of evolution of a remarkable endemic fauna and second as a prime example of the vulnerability of island environments to anthropogenic changes – especially the effects of alien species. Lessons from both these themes are of global relevance, and the recognition that these same phenomena are occurring in continental systems has been important in maturing attitudes to insect conservation. Mirrored in other parts of the Pacific, such as New Zealand (Watts et al. this volume; Howarth and Ramsay 1991), external disturbances have had massive impacts on the Islands’ biota. These losses – together with the prospect of continuing severe losses – have contributed to debates over the rationale justifying alien species introductions, including non-native biological control agents. The impacts of introduced control agents are increasingly recognized as an important issue in insect conservation over the last few decades.10aCONSERVATION10aHAWAII10ahistory10aPacific Insects1 aHowarth, Francis, G.1 aGagné, Betsy, H.1 aNew, Tim, R. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/10202204nas a2200265 4500008004500000020001400045245022500059210006900284260000900353300000800362490001000370520133600380653001701716653001701733653001101750653000901761653001601770653002001786653001501806100001901821700001701840700001601857700002201873856004301895 2000 Engldsh  a0030-887000aConservation status and research on the Fabulous Green Sphinx of Kaua'i, Tinostoma smaragditis (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), including checklists of the vascular plants of the diverse mesic forests of Kaua'i, Hawai'i0 aConservation status and research on the Fabulous Green Sphinx of cJan. a1-90 v54(1)3 aIn 1895, a moth was captured in a mountain home in Makaweli, Kaua'i, that would captivate and elude entomologists for the next century. Tinostoma smaragditis (Meyrick), aptly nicknamed the "Fabulous Green Sphinx of Kauai'i" is a stunningly beautiful moth with green wings and thorax, pale brown hind wings, and orange antennae. Eighteen individuals are known to have been collected on Kaua'i. However, despite extensive searches in areas around Koke'e, all the specimens discovered until the 1990s were incidental catches, and the natural habitat and host plant of the moth remained unknown. This study describes the results of extensive searches of the diverse mesic forests with the aim of establishing range, habitat, and host-plant associations of the Fabulous Green Sphinx. In February 1998 a male T. smaragditis was attracted to a mercury vapor light set up in the diverse mesic forest. Subsequently, one other specimen was collected in a similar habitat type on another part of the island. However, the host plant of the moth remains unknown. In this paper we provide a history of collections, a summary of known biology, and a guide to potential host plants, including checklists of vascular plants found in the diverse mesic forests of two locations where T. smaragditis was found, Kalalau and Mahanaloa Valleys on Kaua'i.10aCONSERVATION10adistribution10aHAWAII10aHOST10aLEPIDOPTERA10aPacific Insects10aSphingidae1 aHeddle, M., L.1 aWood, K., R.1 aAsquith, A.1 aGillespie, R., G. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/9102840nas a2200229 4500008004100000245007000041210006700111300001200178490000700190520219700197653001702394653001702411653001402428653001102442653001202453653002402465653002002489653001502509100002202524700002102546856004302567 2002 eng d00aArthropods on islands: Colonization, speciation, and conservation0 aArthropods on islands Colonization speciation and conservation a595-6320 v473 aIslands have traditionally been considered to be any relatively small body of land completely surrounded by water. However, their primary biological characteristic, an extended period of isolation from a source of colonists, is common also to many situations on continents. Accordingly, theories and predictions developed for true islands have been applied to a huge array of systems, from rock pools, to single tree species in forests, to oceanic islands. Here, we examine the literature on islands in the broadest sense (i.e., whether surrounded by water or any other uninhabitable matrix) as it pertains to terrestrial arthropods.We categorize islands according to the features they share. The primary distinction between different island systems is “darwinian” islands (formed de novo) and “fragment” islands. In the former, the islands have never been in contact with the source of colonists and have abundant “empty” ecological niche space. On these islands, species numbers will initially increase through immigration, the rate depending on the degree of isolation. If isolation persists, over time species formation will result in “neo-endemics.” When isolation is extreme, the ecological space will gradually be filled through speciation (rather than immigration) and adaptive radiation of neo-endemics. Fragment islands are fundamentally different. In these islands, the ecological space will initially be filled as a consequence of connection to the source of colonists prior to insularization. Species numbers will decrease following fragmentation through the process of relaxation. If these islands become more isolated, species will eventually arise through relictualization with the formation of “paleo-endemics.” Given sufficient time, this process can result in generic level endemism on ancient fragment islands, a phenomenon well illustrated in Madagascar and New Zealand. Recognizing the distinction between the different kinds of islands is fundamental for understanding emerging patterns on each, in particular speciation, biodiversity (e.g., neo-endemics versus paleo-endemics), and conservation (e.g., naivet´e in interactions with alien species).10aCOLONIZATION10aCONSERVATION10aEVOLUTION10aHAWAII10ainsects10aisland biogeography10aPacific Insects10aSPECIATION1 aGillespie, R., G.1 aRoderick, G., K. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/7102467nas a2200253 4500008004100000245018100041210006900222300001200291490000700303520166300310653001501973653001701988653001502005653001702020653001302037653001102050653002002061653001702081653001802098100001802116700001802134700001802152856004302170 2007 eng d00aRestoration of Hawaiian montane wet forest: Endemic longhorned beetles (Cerambycidae: Plagithmysus) in koa (Fabaceae: Acacia koa) plantations and in intact forest0 aRestoration of Hawaiian montane wet forest Endemic longhorned be a356-3630 v523 aReforestation of degraded lands in the tropics is one of the most important goals of ecological restoration. Restoration of montane wet forest is in progress at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii, using plantations of Acacia koa (koa), a canopy tree of montane wet forest. We used longhorned beetles (Plagithmysus claviger and P. varians) as indicator species to assess restoration. The beetles feed by boring into dead koa branches and are food for the endemic forest bird Hemignathus munroi. We quantified density of beetles in branches of koa from trees of 3 age categories: young plantations (3–8 y; 222 branches), older plantations (12–15 y; 212 branches), and canopy trees of intact forest (167 branches). We sampled by breaking dead branches into short pieces and counting the beetles within. Density of beetles was greater in canopy trees (4.89 beetles/branch) than in planted trees and was greater in older plantations (3.24 beetles/branch) than in younger plantations (0.90 beetles/branch). Beetles were clumped in distribution among branches (coefficient of dispersion = 5.17). Mean basal diameter of branches in canopy trees (32.6 mm) was greater than in planted trees and was greater in older plantations (29.3 mm) than in young plantations (19.0 mm). In young and older plantations, branches that harbored beetles were larger than branches that did not, but in canopy trees there was no difference. Branch diameter had a positive effect on number of beetles per branch in all age categories. Koa plantations promote recovery of plant and animal biological diversity in degraded habitats formerly occupied by montane wet forest.10aAcacia koa10aCerambycidae10aColeoptera10aCONSERVATION10afabaceae10aHAWAII10aPacific Insects10aPlagithmysus10areforestation1 aGoldsmith, S.1 aGillespie, H.1 aWeatherby, C. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/7402134nas a2200277 4500008004100000020001400041245015600055210006900211260002500280300001200305490000700317520129700324653001201621653001701633653001401650653001101664653001401675653001601689653001401705653001401719653002201733653002001755100001701775700002101792856004301813 2010 eng d a1366-638X00aLife history and captive rearing of the Wekiu bug (Nysius wekiuicola, Lygaeidae), an alpine carnivore endemic to the Mauna Kea volcano of Hawaii0 aLife history and captive rearing of the Wekiu bug iNysius wekiui bSpringer Netherlands a701-7090 v143 aThe hemipteran family Lygaeidae contains species that are overwhelmingly plant and seed feeders. The Wekiu bug, Nysius wekiuicola, a candidate endangered species endemic to the summit of the 4,205 m volcano, Mauna Kea, and the closely related A’A bug, Nysius aa, are the only obligate carnivore scavengers of the family. Despite its unique diet, remarkable ecology, and high profile due to conservation concerns, there is still little known about the Wekiu bug. We present the first detailed observations and descriptions of the Wekiu bug, including a complete life history. The Wekiu bug lays eggs singly or in small loose clutches, matures after five nymphal instars, and can survive and reproduce at constant temperatures never found in its natural habitat. Our results clearly demonstrate the importance of behaviour, rather than pure physiological adaption, in an insect’s persistence in a harsh environment. The Wekiu bug’s shift to carnivory from a suite of herbivorous congeners is a remarkable adaptive shift in an aeolian system bereft of vascular plants. Finally, we relate the specialized life history of the Wekiu bug to its conservation on the arid, frigid summit of the Mauna Kea volcano. This unique habitat is increasingly impacted by tourism and telescope facilities.10abiology10aCONSERVATION10aEVOLUTION10aHAWAII10aHemiptera10aHeteroptera10aLygaeidae10aMauna Kea10aNysius wekiuicola10aPacific Insects1 aEiben, Jesse1 aRubinoff, Daniel uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/4404764nas a2200253 4500008004500000245013500045210006900180260001800249300001400267520398900281653002004270653001704290653001704307653001404324653002104338653002104359653001204380653001304392653002004405653001304425653000904438100002004447856004304467 2003 Engldsh 00aReport for the 2002 Pacific Biological Survey, Bishop Museum Austral Islands, French Polynesia Expedition to Raivavae and Rapa Iti0 aReport for the 2002 Pacific Biological Survey Bishop Museum Aust bBishop Museum ai-v, 1-303 aThe Pacific Biological Survey (PBS) of the Bishop Museum conducted biological surveys on the Austral Islands of Raivavae and Rapa as part of an "Inventaire et Valorisation de la Biodiversite" or inventory and evaluation of biodiversity, a research program conducted in French Polynesia with the assistance and support of the Delegation a la Recherche (Ministere de la Culture, de l'Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche, Gouvernement de la Polynesie francaise). The objectives of the PBS Bishop Museum surveys in the Austral Islands were: 1) to assess the native aquatic insect fauna and describe the overall biodiversity of this fauna, 2) assess the biodiversity and status of Heteroptera and other important insects in native forest areas, 3) to assess the impacts or lack of impacts of introduced aquatic species on native stream biota, 4) to qualitatively assess the impacts of introduced species, feral ungulates, urbanization, on native insects, and 5) to provide museum specimens and an information baseline for future researchers.Significant findings of these surveys include a pristine native freshwater fauna lacking introductions of nonindigenous fish, amphibians, or aquatic reptiles on both Rapa and Raivavae Islands. Extensive research in Hawaii has shown the devastating impacts of alien fish species on the native stream fauna, and every effort should be made to avoid introductions of any non-native aquatic species to Rapa and Raivavae. Numerous undescribed aquatic insect species were found in Rapa and Raivavae, including new species andrange extensions of Heteroptera (true bugs), Diptera (aquatic flies), and Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies). A rich terrestrial native insect fauna with numerous undescribed species of Coleoptera (beetles), Diptera (flies), Heteroptera (true bugs), and Homoptera (planthoppers) and was also found on Rapa and Raivavae, although stands of native forest habitat for these insects were found to be severely reduced on both islands. The native species found on both islands are important on a worldwide basis, and preservation of this biodiversity is critical in preserving the rich Polynesian culture found on these islands. It is also necessary to preserve biodiversity to allow a greater understanding of the natural biological processes of dispersal and colonization of the fauna to these remote and isolated island areas. Native forests on Raivavae and Rapa were found to be critical for the survival of both the terrestrial and aquatic fauna of the Austral Islands. A good example of this interrelationship between forests and aquatic habitats is found with the damselflies on both Rapa and Raivavae that are aquatic during their immature phase, but as adults require forested areas to forage for food. The endemic native damselfly on Rapa was only found in forested areas, and never observed during sampling along many kilometers of deforestedstream habitat. Native vegetation was also critical for the newly found species of Raivavae damselfly, with this species also having similar forest requirements. Most of the native terrestrial insect biodiversity remaining on the island of Rapa is found in a narrow zone of native forest between 450-650 m at the summit of Mt. Perau. The collection of many undescribed species from Mt. Perau illustrates the point that despite two monographic works on the Lepidoptera and Miocalles weevils from Rapa, much remains to be studied on the insect fauna from this most intact native forest found on Rapa. To preserve a rich native biodiversity and Polynesian cultural heritage, it is imperative to protect the limited remaining native forests on Raivavae and Rapa. Working with the inhabitants of each island, forest reserve areas should be set up to protect the most important and biologically diverse areas. The areas that should receive the highest priority for protection would be the Mt. Perau area on Rapa, and the Mt. Hiro summit region and associated gulches on Raivavae.10aAustral Islands10aBIODIVERSITY10aCONSERVATION10aCrustacea10aFrench Polynesia10aFreshwater fauna10ahabitat10aMollusca10aPacific Insects10aRaivavae10aRapa1 aEnglund, R., A. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/4600828nas a2200253 4500008004100000020006200041245012700103210006900230260003100299300000900330653001200339653001700351653001700368653001200385653001100397653001100408653002000419653001000439100001800449700002100467700002000488700002300508856004300531 2002 eng d aContribution No. 2002-023 to the Hawaii Biological Survey00aRange, habitat, and ecology of the wekiu bug (Nysius wekiuicola), a rare insect species unique to Mauna Kea, Hawaii Island0 aRange habitat and ecology of the wekiu bug Nysius wekiuicola a r aHonolulubBP Bishop Museum a1-4910abiology10aCONSERVATION10adistribution10aecology10aHAWAII10aNysius10aPacific Insects10aWEKIU1 aEnglund, R.A.1 aPolhemus, D., A.1 aHowarth, F., G.1 aMontgomery, S., L. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/4702066nas a2200361 4500008004100000020001400041050001500055245017800070210006900248300001200317490000700329520103200336653001001368653001901378653001701397653001001414653001301424653001201437653001501449653001101464653001601475653001801491653001601509653002001525653001101545653001501556653001601571653001601587100002001603700002001623700001801643856004301661 2002 eng d a0031-0603 a QL461 .P300aParasitism of Cydia spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on Sophora chrysophylla (Fabaceae) along an elevation gradient of dry subalpine forest on Mauna Kea, Hawaii0 aParasitism of iCydiai spp Lepidoptera Tortricidae on iSophora ch a101-1090 v783 aThe biology and ecological importance of Hawaiian endemic Cydia spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are poorly known. Cydia larvae are an important food to palila, an endangered Hawaiian bird that inhabits Sophora woodlands on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. We quantified Cydia larval abundance in seeds of Sophora chrysophylla Salisbury (Fabaceae) and larval mortality caused by parasitism. Four new host plant associations are reported: C. crassicornis [Walsingham], C. falsifalcella [Walsingham], C. obliqua [Walsingham], and C. storeella [Walsingham]. Four parasitoid wasp species were consistently reared from larval Cydia: Calliephialtes grapholithae [Cresson], Diadegma blackburni [Cameron], Pristomerus hawaiiensis Perkins (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), and Euderus metallicus [Ashmead] (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). The three Ichneumonidae appear to be accidental introductions, while E. metallicus is likely to be native to Hawaii. Parasitism rates by all four wasps combined decreased with elevation from 94% at 1800 m to 20% at 2700 m.10aBIRDS10aCALLIEPHIALTES10aCONSERVATION10aCYDIA10aDIADEGMA10aEUDERUS10aEULOPHIDAE10aHAWAII10aHYMENOPTERA10aIchneumonidae10aLEPIDOPTERA10aPacific Insects10aPALILA10aPARASITISM10aPRISTOMERUS10aTORTRICIDAE1 aBrenner, G., J.1 aOboyski, P., T.1 aBanko, P., C. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/17