01496nas a2200217   4500008004100000020001400041245007700055210006900132260000800201300001200209490000700221520088200228653001701110653001201127653002101139653002401160653002001184653001401204100001601218856004401234       2008                        eng d  a1366-638X00aInsect conservation on islands: setting the scene and defining the needs0 aInsect conservation on islands setting the scene and defining th  cJul  a197-2040 v123 aThe putative peculiarities of island insects and the factors important in their conservation are noted. Endemism and speciation lessons from island insects have contributed significantly to wider understanding of aspects of insect diversification. The twin complexes of threats to island insects involve (1) internal processes, essentially habitat changes by human activity, and their consequences and (2) externally-imposed effects from alien invasive species, both of these operating in environments that may lack much of the buffer capability present in larger continental areas or in richer communities. Many island insects now persist only in small inaccessible remnant habitats, and protecting these is a key theme in planning insect conservation on islands. The possible effects of climate change may be severe, particularly on ‘low islands’ such as many coral cays.10aCONSERVATION10ahabitat10ainvasive species10aisland biogeography10aPacific Insects10aradiation1 aNew, T., R.  uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/16002555nas a2200229   4500008004100000245010300041210006900144300001200213490000700225520188200232653001102114653002402125653001402149653002002163653001402183653002002197653001502217653001202232653001602244100002202260856004302282       2002                        eng d00aBiogeography of spiders on remote oceanic islands of the Pacific: archipelagoes as stepping stones0 aBiogeography of spiders on remote oceanic islands of the Pacific  a655-6620 v293 aAim The composition of species in any given island community may directly reflect the processes of immigration such that species on a more remote island comprise a nested subset of those on the nearest less remote land mass. Alternatively, new species can arise on islands by less frequent colonization but subsequent evolutionary differentiation. In the current study the species composition of spiders is examined in native communities on three remote oceanic archipelagoes to test hypotheses concerning the relative importance for species accumulation of (i) immigration from the nearest land mass, vs. (ii) in situ speciation. Location The study focuses on three volcanic hot-spot archipelagoes in the Pacific: the Hawaiian, Marquesas and Society Islands. Methods Tetragnatha spiders were collected from the three remote Pacific archipelagoes as well as Australasia and America. Sequences of mitochondrial DNA (Cytochrome Oxidase I and 16S ribosomal DNA) were obtained from the spiders and a phylogenetic approach was used to examine relatedness among island endemic lineages of spiders, as well as associations between species on different archipelagoes with continental congeners. Results Within archipelagoes, species groups are largely monophyletic. When species groups are compared between archipelagoes, those on one archipelago are never the sister group to those on another archipelago. Rather, each archipelago has a mainland congener as its closest sister group. Main conclusions First, colonization of the Hawaiian, Marquesas and Society archipelagoes by Tetragnatha spiders appears to have occurred independently, most likely in each case from a continental source, but not from the nearest archipelago. Secondly, in situ speciation has occurred in the Marquesas and Society Islands in a similar manner to that in Hawaii, although apparently on a smaller scale.10aHAWAII10aisland biogeography10aMarquesas10aPacific Insects10aradiation10aSociety Islands10aSPECIATION10aSpiders10aTetragnatha1 aGillespie, R., G.  uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/6200533nas a2200169   4500008004100000245004800041210004800089260004600137300001200183653002400195653002000219100002200239700002000261700001800281700002100299856004300320       2010                        eng d00aIsland biogeography of remote archipelagoes0 aIsland biogeography of remote archipelagoes  aPrinceton, NJbPrinceton University Press  a358-38710aisland biogeography10aPacific Insects1 aGillespie, R., G.1 aBaldwin, B., G.1 aLosos, J., B.1 aRicklefs, R., E.  uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/6702840nas a2200229   4500008004100000245007000041210006700111300001200178490000700190520219700197653001702394653001702411653001402428653001102442653001202453653002402465653002002489653001502509100002202524700002102546856004302567       2002                        eng d00aArthropods on islands: Colonization, speciation, and conservation0 aArthropods on islands Colonization speciation and conservation  a595-6320 v473 aIslands have traditionally been considered to be any relatively small body of land completely surrounded by water. However, their primary biological characteristic, an extended period of isolation from a source of colonists, is common also to many situations on continents. Accordingly, theories and predictions developed for true islands have been applied to a huge array of systems, from rock pools, to single tree species in forests, to oceanic islands. Here, we examine the literature on islands in the broadest sense (i.e., whether surrounded by water or any other uninhabitable matrix) as it pertains to terrestrial arthropods.We categorize islands according to the features they share. The primary distinction between different island systems is “darwinian” islands (formed de novo) and “fragment” islands. In the former, the islands have never been in contact with the source of colonists and have abundant “empty” ecological niche space. On these islands, species numbers will initially increase through immigration, the rate depending on the degree of isolation. If isolation persists, over time species formation will result in “neo-endemics.” When isolation is extreme, the ecological space will gradually be filled through speciation (rather than immigration) and adaptive radiation of neo-endemics. Fragment islands are fundamentally different. In these islands, the ecological space will initially be filled as a consequence of connection to the source of colonists prior to insularization. Species numbers will decrease following fragmentation through the process of relaxation. If these islands become more isolated, species will eventually arise through relictualization with the formation of “paleo-endemics.” Given sufficient time, this process can result in generic level endemism on ancient fragment islands, a phenomenon well illustrated in Madagascar and New Zealand. Recognizing the distinction between the different kinds of islands is fundamental for understanding emerging patterns on each, in particular speciation, biodiversity (e.g., neo-endemics versus paleo-endemics), and conservation (e.g., naivet´e in interactions with alien species).10aCOLONIZATION10aCONSERVATION10aEVOLUTION10aHAWAII10ainsects10aisland biogeography10aPacific Insects10aSPECIATION1 aGillespie, R., G.1 aRoderick, G., K.  uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/7103207nas a2200217   4500008004100000245008300041210006900124300001200193490000700205520257400212653001102786653002402797653002002821653001502841653002102856100001702877700002002894700001602914700001602930856004302946       2008                        eng d00aDoes species richness drive speciation? A reassessment with the Hawaiian biota0 aDoes species richness drive speciation A reassessment with the H  a279-2850 v313 aAfter MacArthur and Wilson (1967), island biogeographical research focused primarily on processes of colonization and extinction over ecological time scales, but recent work has rejuvenated interest in the generation of diversity in situ over evolutionary time (Lomolino 2000, Losos and Schluter 2000, Gillespie 2004, Cadena et al. 2005). In a recent contribution, Emerson and Kolm (2005) proposed a causal link between species richness and speciation on islands. They suggested that species richness per se might increase the rate of speciation by intensifying competition and suppressing population densities of resident species, thereby allowing for increased genetic drift, greater lability in traits, and increased evolutionary change (Erwin 2005). Alternatively, increased structural complexity and heterogeneity associated with higher richness may stimulate niche diversification and speciation (Tokeshi 1999).In this paper, we revisit the relationship between endemism and species richness in a reanalysis of arthropod (Nishida 2002) and plant (Price 2004) data for the Hawaiian Islands and include a new dataset for land snails (Cowie et al. 1995, Cowie and Holland 2006). We propose distinct null models for endemism patterns in these island datasets. Because the methodological contrasts and findings of these different null models are more clear in the context of our assumptions, methods, and results, we address the specific null models of Emerson and Kolm (2007a,b), Witt and Maliakal-Witt (2007), Kiflawi et al. (2007), and Birand and Howard (2008) following the discussion of our analyses.Emerson and Kolm's (2005) original regression analysis rested on the implicit assumption that, in the absence of driving speciation mechanisms, the number or proportion of endemic species should be independent of the total richness on individual islands (this assumption was later made explicit, Emerson and Kolm 2007a). Under this assumption, the statistical null hypothesis is of no correlation between the proportion of SIEs and total species richness. However, a universal property of biodiversity sampling curves is that rare species are disproportionately under-represented in small samples (Gotelli and Colwell 2001). At the biogeographic scale, we expect the proportion of SIEs to escalate with total species richness, even in the absence of mechanisms promoting in situ speciation. Therefore, we formulated two null sampling hypotheses that incorporated the expected non-linearity in SIE proportion with variation in the richness of island species pools.10aHAWAII10aisland biogeography10aPacific Insects10aSPECIATION10aspecies richness1 aGruner, D.S.1 aGotelli, N., J.1 aPrice, J.P.1 aCowie, R.H.  uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/7701949nas a2200205   4500008004100000245010500041210006900146300001200215490000700227520132500234653001401559653002401573653001401597653002001611653001801631653001901649653001401668100001801682856004301700       2002                        eng d00aEvolution on oceanic islands: molecular phylogenetic approaches to understanding pattern and process0 aEvolution on oceanic islands molecular phylogenetic approaches t  a951-9660 v113 aBy their very nature oceanic island ecosystems offer great opportunities for the study of evolution and have for a long time been recognized as natural laboratories for studying evolution owing to their discrete geographical nature and diversity of species and habitats. The development of molecular genetic methods for phylogenetic reconstruction has been a significant advance for evolutionary biologists, providing a tool for answering questions about the diversity among the flora and fauna on such islands. These questions relate to both the origin and causes of species diversity both within an archipelago and on individual islands. Within a phylogenetic framework one can answer fundamental questions such as whether ecologically and/or morphologically similar species on different islands are the result of island colonization or convergent evolution. Testing hypotheses about ages of the individual species groups or entire community assemblages is also possible within a phylogenetic framework. Evolutionary biologists and ecologists are increasingly turning to molecular phylogenetics for studying oceanic island plant and animal communities and it is important to review what has been attempted and achieved so far, with some cautionary notes about interpreting phylogeographical pattern on oceanic islands.10aEVOLUTION10aisland biogeography10aMOLECULAR10aPacific Insects10aphylogenetics10aPhylogeography10aradiation1 aEmerson, B.C.  uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/4500498nas a2200205   4500008004100000245001700041210001700058300000900075490000600084653001700090653001200107653002400119653001500143653002000158653002000178100001400198700001800212700001900230856004300249       1955                        eng d00aBibliography0 aBibliography  a1-680 v210abibliography10ainsects10aisland biogeography10aMicronesia10aPacific Insects10aPacific Islands1 aEsaki, T.1 aBryan, E., H.1 aGressitt, J.L.  uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/4801799nas a2200205   4500008004100000245011900041210006900160300001200229490000700241520116900248653001701417653001301434653002401447653001601471653001201487653002001499100001501519700001601534856004301550       1996                        eng d00aBiogeography of milkweed butterflies (Nymphalidae: Danaidae) and mimetic patterns on tropical Pacific archipelagos0 aBiogeography of milkweed butterflies Nymphalidae Danaidae and mi  a317-3260 v573 aDistributions of danaine butterfly species and associated mimetic patterns were compared among fifteen archipelagos of the tropical Pacific Ocean, and within five major archipelagos (the Bismarcks, Fiji, East and West Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu). Using both simple and stepwise linear regression analysis, variation in the total number of danaine species and number of mimetic patterns was assessed with respect to island size, isolation and elevation. Relative to interarchipelago distributions, the distribution of danaine species and number of mimetic patterns on islands within archipelagos exhibited less dependence upon interisland distance and island area. Geographical features influencing the number of mimetic patterns were similar to those of danaines as a whole. Analysis of residuals from stepwise linear regression suggested that factors influencing danaine distributions were different from those for nondanaine butterflies. This result is consistent with the hypothesis of enhancement of danaine species establishment through Mullerian mimicry, although other factors such as host plant availability and similar habitat use may also be important.10aBIODIVERSITY10aDanaidae10aisland biogeography10aLEPIDOPTERA10amimicry10aPacific Insects1 aDudley, R.1 aAdler, G.H.  uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/4001955nas a2200229   4500008004100000245006400041210006300105300001200168490000700180520132600187653001701513653001701530653001801547653001201565653001201577653001601589653002401605653001601629653002001645100001701665856004301682       1995                        eng d00aBiodiversity and biogeography of Henderson Island's insects0 aBiodiversity and biogeography of Henderson Islands insects  a245-2590 v563 aHenderson Island is an example of a raised coral atoll, and as such supports a much more diverse biota than geographically similar low atolls. It is also, due to its remote location, largely undisturbed by the activities of humans. It is therfore unique in the Pacific Ocean, and comparable to Aldabra in the Indian Ocean. Biogeographically it is also interesting as it is amongst the most easterly islands of the Indo-West Pacific region, and has been largely colonized by species dispesing from island to island across the ocean from the west. New and extenive collections of insects were made in 1991. Although not fully identified yet, it is clear that the fauna is depauperate, with only about 180 species know to date. Despite its easterly ocation almost all species are derived from the west, and much of the fauna is likely to be indigenous. The most diverse orders are the Lepidoptera (c. 53 spp.), Coleoptera (c. 38 spp.), Diptera (c. 37 spp.), Hymenoptera (c. 21 spp.), Homoptera (c.14 spp.) and Heteroptera (4 spp.). Of particular interest are the weevils, Heteroptera and Homoptera which exhibit considerable endemism with perhaps some examples of intra-island radiation. Although depauperate. Henderson supports a much larger insect fauna than that of nearby Ducie Atoll (total known insect fauna = 15 spp).10aBIODIVERSITY10aBIOGEOGRAPHY10aCURCULIONIDAE10aDIPTERA10aENDEMIC10aHYMENOPTERA10aisland biogeography10aLEPIDOPTERA10aPacific Insects1 aBenton, T.G.  uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/10