03014nas a2200325 4500008004100000020001400041245011200055210006900167260002900236300001200265490000700277520206400284653001402348653002302362653001702385653002102402653001402423653001602437653001102453653001002464653003402474653001702508653002002525653001402545653001402559653001702573100002602590700002802616856004402644 2011 eng d a1365-269900aBiogeography and the evolution of flightlessness in a radiation of Hawaiian moths (Xyloryctidae: Thyrocopa)0 aBiogeography and the evolution of flightlessness in a radiation  bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a101-1110 v383 aAim Although the ability to fly confers benefits to most insects, some taxa have become secondarily flightless. Insect flightlessness may be more likely to evolve in environments such as islands and other windswept and alpine areas, but this prediction has rarely been tested while controlling for phylogenetic effects. Here we present a phylogeny for the endemic Hawaiian Lepidoptera genus Thyrocopa, which has two flightless species that occur in alpine areas on Maui and Hawaii islands, in order to determine whether the flightless species are sister to each other or represent separate losses of flight. We also explore divergence times and biogeographic patterns of inter-island colonization in Thyrocopa, and present the first Hawaiian study to sample a genus from nine islands. Location The Hawaiian Islands. Methods The phylogeny is composed of 70 individuals (including 23 Thyrocopa species and 7 outgroup species) sequenced for portions of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, elongation factor 1α and wingless genes, for a total of 1964 base pairs, and was estimated using both parsimony (paup*) and Bayesian inference (MrBayes). Divergence times were estimated using the beast software package. Results Our results indicate that two independent invasions of alpine habitats with concomitant loss of flight have occurred in Thyrocopa. Based on current taxon sampling, Thyrocopa colonized the Hawaiian Islands slightly before the formation of Kauai. In terms of overall patterns of diversification, subclades generally follow a progression from older to younger islands. The genus has the greatest number of species on Kauai, with species numbers generally decreasing with decreasing island age. Main conclusions Loss of flight ability has evolved twice in a short period of geological time in Thyrocopa, perhaps as a result of low temperatures, high winds and/or a lack of predation pressure. However, several other Thyrocopa species that live on small islands with consistently high winds, such as Necker and Nihoa islands, retain the ability to fly.10adispersal10aflightless insects10aGelechioidea10aisland evolution10aKahoolawe10aLEPIDOPTERA10aNecker10aNihoa10aNorthwestern Hawaiian Islands10aOecophoridae10aPacific Insects10aPhylogeny10aThyrocopa10aXyloryctidae1 aMedeiros, Matthew, J.1 aGillespie, Rosemary, G. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/13401724nas a2200253 4500008004100000245007000041210006900111260001900180300001200199490000600211520099800217653001701215653001501232653002101247653001501268653001901283653001601302653002001318653001901338100002201357700002001379700002801399856004301427 2012 eng d00aRepeated colonization of remote islands by specialized mutualists0 aRepeated colonization of remote islands by specialized mutualist cApril 23, 2012 a258-2610 v83 aMutualisms are ubiquitous in nature, but constraints imposed by specialization may limit their ability to colonize novel environments synchronously. The ability of mutualisms to reassemble following disturbance is central to understanding their response to global change. Here, we demonstrate that a highly specialized pollination mutualism considered to be obligate (Phyllanthaceae: Glochidion; Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Epicephala) has colonized some of the world's most isolated archipelagoes, and we record, to our knowledge, for the first time the presence of Epicephala moths from 19 host Glochidion species on 17 islands in the Pacific Ocean. Our findings appear to offer a remarkable example of mutualism persistence in an insect‚Äìplant interaction characterized by reciprocal specialization and mutual dependence. These findings also appear to contradict the island biogeography paradigm that taxa with specialized biotic interactions are unlikely to colonize oceanic islands.10aBIOGEOGRAPHY10aEpicephala10aFrench Polynesia10aGlochidion10aGracillariidae10aLEPIDOPTERA10aPacific Insects10aPhyllanthaceae1 aHembry, David, H.1 aOkamoto, Tomoko1 aGillespie, Rosemary, G. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/9203541nas a2200433 4500008004100000020001400041245008900055210006900144300001200213490000700225520233200232653002302564653002002587653001502607653002302622653001702645653001902662653001002681653001502691653002102706653001902727653001602746653001402762653001102776653002302787653002002810653002002830653001702850653002502867653002002892653002802912653001602940653001602956100002202972700002002994700002203014700002803036856004303064 2013 eng d a1365-269900aPhytophagous insect community assembly through niche conservatism on oceanic islands0 aPhytophagous insect community assembly through niche conservatis a225-2350 v403 aAim To determine whether a community of phytophagous insects on oceanic islands (the fauna of insects feeding internally on Glochidion trees in south-eastern Polynesia) was assembled predominantly through niche conservatism or adaptive radiation. Location The islands of south-eastern Polynesia (southern Cook, Austral, Society, Tuamotu-Gambier and Marquesas archipelagos) in the Cook Islands and French Polynesia. Methods Internally feeding insects were collected as larvae from 23 endemic species of Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae s.l., Phyllanthaceae: Phyllanthus s.l.) trees on 20 islands in south-eastern Polynesia, reared and identified. Rearing records were compared with host records previously known from the literature and museum collections of closely related taxa in Asia and Australasia. Results Ninety per cent of insect specimens collected fall into five taxa previously known to attack Glochidion in Asia and Australasia (≥ 6000 km distant), indicating a strong role for niche conservatism in the assembly of this community. Three of these taxa, two seed-feeding moths (Gracillariidae: Epicephala; Tortricidae: Tritopterna) and a leaf-mining moth (Gracillariidae: Diphtheroptila) are only known from Phyllanthaceae or Euphorbiaceae s.l. on continents. Two more taxa, another leaf-mining moth (Gracillariidae: Caloptilia) and a leaf-rolling moth (Tortricidae: Dudua), contain many species known only from Phyllanthaceae on continents, and are also very likely to represent examples of niche conservatism. Conversely, many numerically dominant insect taxa known from Glochidion on continents (such as parasitoid Hymenoptera) are not reported from south-eastern Polynesia. This indicates that the insular community represents a subset of those taxa from the continental community, consistent with the well-established Pacific diversity gradient. Main conclusions These findings indicate that niche conservatism can play an important role in the assembly of phytophagous insect communities on oceanic islands, despite the constraints that specialization might be expected to pose on successful establishment. As a result of this niche conservatism, these communities may represent less species-rich versions of continental tropical communities rather than non-analogue insular ecosystems.10aadaptive radiation10aAustral Islands10aCaloptilia10acommunity assembly10aCook Islands10aDiphtheroptila10aDudua10aEpicephala10aFrench Polynesia10aGracillariidae10aLEPIDOPTERA10aMarquesas10aMoorea10aniche conservatism10aoceanic islands10aPacific Insects10aPhyllantheae10aphytophagous insects10aSociety Islands10asouth-eastern Polynesia10aTORTRICIDAE10aTritopterna1 aHembry, David, H.1 aOkamoto, Tomoko1 aMcCormack, Gerald1 aGillespie, Rosemary, G. uhttps://pacleps.myspecies.info/node/93