@article {254, title = {Molecular systematics and biogeography of the genus Zizina (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)}, journal = {ZootaxaZootaxa}, volume = {1746}, year = {2008}, note = {Formal taxonomic statements are not made (ie. new synonymy, new status, etc.). The only formal statement is as follows:Genus ZizinaZ. otis [= Z. antanossa, Z. labradus]: China (type locality), Japan [Ryukyus], Taiwan, Indochina, India, Pakistan, SriLanka, Andaman, Philippines, Palawan, Mariana Islands, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Indonesian Archipelago,New Guinea, Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia, Australia, New Zealand, Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius.Z. emelina: Japan [except for Ryukyus] (type locality), South Korea, SW China, northern Myanmar.Z. oxleyi: New Zealand (type locality).}, pages = {15-38}, abstract = {Butterflies of the genus Zizina are widely distributed in all zoogeographical regions except the New World (North and South America) and the northern part of Eurasia. We address some of the problems in regard to the taxonomy and biogeography of the genus. We inferred phylogenetic relationships for all four species in the current classification of this genus from the ND5 region of mtDNA. From our molecular analyses and morphological evidence, we concluded that this genus contains three species; Z. otis, Z. oxleyi and Z. emelina. The status of the latter species is revised, while Z. labradus and Z. antanossa, which were formerly treated as specifically distinct, are regarded as subspecies of Z. otis. Based on our analyses, we also employ phylogeography to discuss possible speciation events in the genus. Each of the three Zizina species appears to have branched from the common ancestor, with a divergence time estimated to be about 2.5 million years ago. The ancestors of Z. oxleyi and Z. emelina are postulated to have adapted to a temperate climate, diverged in the northern and southern hemispheres, and resulted in the extant species from New Zealand and East Asia, respectively. In contrast, the ancestor of Z. otis adapted mainly to tropical and subtropical zones, and the extant Z. otis dispersed into the Afrotropical, Oriental and Australian regions. Feeding adaptations in the larvae also might have had an effect on speciation within Zizina. In addition, our results indicated that there is a possibility that the distribution of the New Zealand Z. oxleyi was reduced in extent by the introduction of Z. otis, which immigrated recently from Australia or its surroundings.}, keywords = {distribution, LEPIDOPTERA, Lycaenidae, MOLECULAR, mtDNA, ND5, Pacific Insects, Phylogeny, systematics, Zizina}, author = {Yago, Masaya and Hirai, Norio and Kondo, Mariko and Tanikawa, Tetsuo and Ishii, Minoru and Wang, Min and Williams, Mark and Ueshima, Rei} } @article {223, title = {Differences in endemic insect assemblages among vegetation types on a small island of the oceanic Ogasawara Islands}, journal = {Entomological ScienceEntomological Science}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 323HHTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 38Sugiura, Shinji Tsuru, Tomoyuki Yamaura, Yuichi Hasegawa, Motohiro Makihara, Hiroshi Makinoi, Shun{\textquoteright}ichi}, month = {Jun}, pages = {131-141}, type = {Article}, abstract = {Natural vegetation is often replaced by invasive alien plants on isolated oceanic islands. To determine how invasive alien plants affect insect diversity, we compared flying insects captured using Malaise traps among different vegetation types on a small island (Nishijima; 0.49 km(2)) in the oceanic Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands in the north-western Pacific. The numbers of individuals and species, and the species composition of pollinators (bees), predators (wasps) and wood borers (cerambycid, mordellid and elaterid beetles) were compared among three vegetation types: Casuarina equisetifolia (an invasive alien tree) forest, natural forest and natural grassland (forest edge), during two seasons (June and October-November 2005). In traps, 80.0, 66.7, 87.5, 85.7 and 100.0\% of bee, wasp, cerambycid, mordellid and elaterid beetle species, respectively, were endemic to the Ogasawara Islands. Grassland had the highest wasp and bee species richness, whereas natural forest had the highest species richness of wood-boring beetles. The C. equisetifolia forest had the poorest species richness for most insect groups (except mordellid beetles). More individuals of most insect groups (except bees) were captured in June than in October-November. More individual bees and wasps were captured in grassland than in forests, whereas more individual mordellid and elaterid beetles were captured in forests than in grassland. The number of cerambycid individuals did not differ among vegetation types. Redundancy analysis suggested that most insect species preferred natural forest or grassland to alien forest. Therefore, further invasion of natural grassland and forest by the alien tree C. equisetifolia may negatively affect the endemic insect fauna of Nishijima.}, keywords = {bee, BIODIVERSITY, Cerambycidae, Coleoptera, CONSERVATION, Elateridae, HYMENOPTERA, invasive alien tree, invasive species, Japan, Mordellidae, Pacific Insects, wasp}, isbn = {1343-8786}, author = {Sugiura, S. and Tsuru, T. and Yamaura, Y. and Hasegawa, M. and Makihara, H. and Makinoi, S.} } @article {219, title = {Zizina otis (Fabricius, 1787) becomes established on Oahu, Hawaii (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Polyommatinae)}, journal = {News of the Lepidopterists{\textquoteright} SocietyNews of the Lepidopterists{\textquoteright} Society}, volume = {50(1)}, year = {2008}, note = {Cited Reference Count: 12 ref.}, pages = {3-6}, keywords = {distribution, HAWAII, LEPIDOPTERA, Lycaenidae, Pacific Insects, Pacific Islands, POLYNESIA, United States of America, Zizina}, isbn = {0091-1348}, author = {Snyder, J. F. and Warren, A. D. and Rubinoff, D. and Austin, G. T.} } @article {208, title = {Cryptic differentiation in the endemic micromoth Galagete darwini (Lepidoptera, Autostichidae) on Galapagos volcanoes}, journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological SciencesPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences}, volume = {363}, number = {1508}, year = {2008}, pages = {3453-3458}, abstract = {To gain insight into the early stages of speciation, we reconstructed a DNA-based phylogeny, using combined mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II: 1008 bp) and nuclear (elongation factor 1-α and wingless: 1062 bp) markers of populations of the moth Galagete darwini endemic to the Gal{\'a}pagos, which belongs to an insular radiation similar in size to that of Darwin{\textquoteright}s finches. Adults of G. darwini were collected in the arid lowlands of 11 of the Gal{\'a}pagos Islands (Baltra, Espa{\~n}ola, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinz{\'o}n, San Cristobal, Santa Cruz, Santiago and Seymour) and the humid highlands of a subset of 5 of them (Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz and Santiago). The combined phylogeographic analysis surprisingly revealed that G. darwini populations at higher elevation on the western islands (Fernandina, Isabela and Santiago) represent a distinct lineage from the one in the low arid zones of these same islands. This is the first reported case in the archipelago of genetic cryptic differentiation correlated with elevation on the western Gal{\'a}pagos volcanoes.}, keywords = {Autostichidae, cryptic species, elevation, Gelechioidea, LEPIDOPTERA, Pacific Insects, SPECIATION}, author = {Schmitz, P. and Cibois, A. and Landry, B.} } @article {209, title = {Three new species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the Hawaiian Islands, based on morphological and molecular evidence}, journal = {ZootaxaZootaxaZootaxa}, volume = {1821}, year = {2008}, note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 324NGTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 19Schmitz, Patrick Rubinoff, Daniel}, pages = {49-58}, type = {Article}, abstract = {The Cosmopterigid genus Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) is endemic to Hawaii and contains over 350 recognized species, though only one new species has been described in the past 62 years. We describe and illustrate three new species of Hyposmocoma: Hyposmocoma kaupo sp. nov. from the island of Maui, H. kapakai sp. nov. from Oahu, and H. kaikuono sp. nov. from Molokai, all known from both sexes, and all apparently single-island endemics. The case-making larvae of all three species feed on lichen and organic debris on dry rocks in open or partly forested habitat. While morphological differences among these three species are small, genetic divergence across parts of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I and the nuclear genes elongation factor 1 alpha indicate universally deep divergence, making these taxa a classic example of sibling species.}, keywords = {COI, CONSERVATION, Cosmopterigidae, description, EF1a, ENDEMIC, HAWAII, Hyposmocoma, Microlepidoptera, mtDNA, Pacific Insects}, isbn = {1175-5326}, author = {Schmitz, P. and Rubinoff, D.} } @article {161, title = {A special issue on insect conservation and islands}, journal = {Journal of Insect ConservationJournal of Insect Conservation}, volume = {12}, number = {3-4}, year = {2008}, pages = {195-195}, keywords = {CONSERVATION, LEPIDOPTERA, Pacific Insects, Pacific Islands}, isbn = {1366-638X}, author = {New, T. R.} } @article {163, title = {Mitochondrial phylogeny of the endemic Hawaiian craneflies (Diptera, Limoniidae, Dicranomyia): Implications for biogeography and species formation}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionMolecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {46(3)}, year = {2008}, note = {doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.12.021}, pages = {1182-1190}, abstract = {The present study is a preliminary investigation into the phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic patterns in the endemic Hawaiian Dicranomyia. The complex patterns of dispersal within this group stand in stark contrast to the simple patterns seen in other Hawaiian groups (e.g., Hawaiian Drosophila, Bonacum et al., 2005 J. Bonacum, P.M. O{\textquoteright}Grady, M.P. Kambysellis and R. DeSalle, Phylogeny and age of diversification of the Planitibia species group of the Hawaiian Drosophila, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37 (1) (2005), p. 73. Article | PDF (418 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (13)Bonacum et al., 2005). The genus Dicranomyia is found on islands throughout the Pacific where it seems to have diversified extensively. This group will be an interesting model system for future biogeographic studies.}, keywords = {DIPTERA, HAWAII, mtDNA, Pacific Insects, Phylogeny, Tipulidae}, isbn = {1055-7903}, author = {Nitta, Joel H. and O{\textquoteright}Grady, Patrick M.} } @article {169, title = {Out of Hawaii: the origin and biogeography of the genus Scaptomyza (Diptera: Drosophilidae)}, journal = {Biology LettersBiology Letters}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, note = {10.1098/rsbl.2007.0575}, pages = {195-199}, abstract = {The Hawaiian Archipelago is the most isolated island system on the planet and has been the subject of evolutionary research for over a century. The largest radiation of species in Hawaii is the Hawaiian Drosophilidae, a group of approximately 1000 species. Dispersal to isolated island systems like Hawaii is rare and the resultant flora and fauna shows high disharmony with mainland communities. The possibility that some lineages may have originated in Hawaii and subsequently {\textquoteleft}escaped{\textquoteright} to diversify on continental landmasses is expected to be rarer still. We present phylogenetic analysis of 134 partially sequenced mitochondrial genomes of Drosophilidae (approx. 1.3Mb of sequence total) to address major aspects of adaptive radiation and dispersal in Hawaii. We show that the genus Scaptomyza, a group that accounts for approximately one-third of the species-level diversity of Drosophilidae in the Hawaiian Islands, originated in Hawaii, diversified there, and subsequently colonized a number of island and continental landmasses elsewhere on the globe. We propose that a combination of small body size, rapid generation time and unique ecological and physiological adaptations have allowed this genus to effectively disperse and diversify.}, keywords = {BIOGEOGRAPHY, DIPTERA, Drosophilidae, HAWAII, mtDNA, Pacific Insects, Phylogeny, Scaptomyza}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Grady, P. M. and DeSalle, R.} } @article {160, title = {Insect conservation on islands: setting the scene and defining the needs}, journal = {Journal of Insect ConservationJournal of Insect Conservation}, volume = {12}, number = {3-4}, year = {2008}, note = {New, T. R.}, month = {Jul}, pages = {197-204}, abstract = {The putative peculiarities of island insects and the factors important in their conservation are noted. Endemism and speciation lessons from island insects have contributed significantly to wider understanding of aspects of insect diversification. The twin complexes of threats to island insects involve (1) internal processes, essentially habitat changes by human activity, and their consequences and (2) externally-imposed effects from alien invasive species, both of these operating in environments that may lack much of the buffer capability present in larger continental areas or in richer communities. Many island insects now persist only in small inaccessible remnant habitats, and protecting these is a key theme in planning insect conservation on islands. The possible effects of climate change may be severe, particularly on {\textquoteleft}low islands{\textquoteright} such as many coral cays.}, keywords = {CONSERVATION, habitat, invasive species, island biogeography, Pacific Insects, radiation}, isbn = {1366-638X}, author = {New, T. R.} } @article {133, title = {A new species of flightless, jumping, alpine moth of the genus Thyrocopa from Hawaii (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae: Xyloryctinae)}, journal = {ZootaxaZootaxa}, volume = {1830}, year = {2008}, pages = {57-62}, abstract = {A new species of brachypterous, flightless, jumping alpine Thyrocopa moth, T. kikaelekea, is described from Hawaii Island. This new species is similar to T. apatela (Walsingham), another flightless species from Maui Island. Thyrocopa kikaelekea is hypothesized not to be the sister taxon to T. apatela, instead representing an independent loss of flight.}, keywords = {description, flightlessness, Gelechioidea, HAWAII, LEPIDOPTERA, Oecophoridae, Pacific Insects, Thyrocopa, Xyloryctidae}, author = {Medeiros, M.J.} } @article {121, title = {Mecyclothorax kavanaughi sp. n. (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from the Finisterre Range, Papua New Guinea}, journal = {Tijdschrift voor EntomologieTijdschrift voor Entomologie}, volume = {151}, year = {2008}, pages = {147-154}, keywords = {Carabidae, Coleoptera, distribution, Mecyclothorax, Pacific Insects, Papua New Guinea}, author = {Liebherr, J. K.} } @article {96, title = {Inventory of Thysanoptera collected from French Polynesia}, journal = {Pacific SciencePacific Science}, volume = {62}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, note = {Hoddle, Mark S. 1; Email Address: mark.hoddle@ucr.edu Hoddle, Christina D. 1 Mound, Laurence A. 2; Affiliation: 1: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 2: Honorary Research Fellow, CSIRO Entomology, G.P.O. Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; Source Info: Oct2008, Vol. 62 Issue 4, p509; Subject Term: THRIPS; Subject Term: ARCHIPELAGOES; Subject Term: SPECIES; Subject Term: FRENCH Polynesia; Subject Term: OCEANIA; Subject Term: TAHITI; Number of Pages: 7p; Illustrations: 2 Charts; Document Type: Article}, pages = {509-515}, publisher = {University of Hawaii Press}, type = {Article}, abstract = {A survey for Thysanoptera was conducted in the Society (Tahiti, Moorea, and Raiatea), Marquesas (Hiva Oa, Nuku Hiva, Ua Huka, and Ua Pou), and Austral islands (Rurutu and Tubuai) archipelagos in French Polynesia from September 2003 to November 2005. At least 55 thrips species in 36 genera and three families were identified from 823 slide-mounted specimens that were collected from 61 host plants in 33 families. Twelve species are considered to be important pests. The greatest diversity of species, 43 (77\%), was collected from the Society Islands, with 60\% being recorded from Tahiti alone. Species diversity was intermediate in the Marquesas Islands at 43\% (24 species collected), with 35\% or 19 species being recorded from Nuku Hiva. Lowest diversity was recorded for the Austral Islands, with 38\% or 21 species being found in that archipelago. Less than 10\% of collected species are likely to be native, with the majority of identified thrips (>90\%) in French Polynesia representing a high diversity of exotic species (leaf, flower, and fungus feeders, and four predatory species) that have successfully infiltrated other island groups in the South Pacific. Survey results and subsequent estimates of thrips species diversity in French Polynesia should be interpreted with caution due to uncontrolled variation in sampling intensity that was affected by survey duration, time of year, and visitation frequency to islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]Copyright of Pacific Science is the property of University of Hawaii Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder{\textquoteright}s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)}, keywords = {ARCHIPELAGOES, French Polynesia, invasive species, OCEANIA, Pacific Insects, species, Tahiti, THRIPS, Thysanoptera}, isbn = {00308870}, author = {Hoddle, Mark S. and Hoddle, Christina D. and Mound, Laurence A.} } @article {68, title = {Biogeography of the fauna of French Polynesia: diversification within and between a series of hot spot archipelagos}, journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological SciencesPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences}, volume = {363}, number = {1508}, year = {2008}, pages = {3335-3346}, abstract = {The islands of French Polynesia cover an area the size of Europe, though total land area is smaller than Rhode Island. Each hot spot archipelago (Societies, Marquesas, Australs) is chronologically arranged. With the advent of molecular techniques, relatively precise estimations of timing and source of colonization have become feasible. We compile data for the region, first examining colonization (some lineages dispersed from the west, others from the east). Within archipelagos, blackflies (Simulium) provide the best example of adaptive radiation in the Societies, though a similar radiation occurs in weevils (Rhyncogonus). Both lineages indicate that Tahiti hosts the highest diversity. The more remote Marquesas show clear examples of adaptive radiation in birds, arthropods and snails. The Austral Islands, though generally depauperate, host astonishing diversity on the single island of Rapa, while lineages on other islands are generally widespread but with large genetic distances between islands. More recent human colonization has changed the face of Polynesian biogeography. Molecular markers highlight the rapidity of Polynesian human (plus commensal) migrations and the importance of admixture from other populations during the period of prehistoric human voyages. However, recent increase in traffic has brought many new, invasive species to the region, with the future of the indigenous biota uncertain.}, keywords = {adaptive radiation, Austral Islands, BIODIVERSITY, BIOGEOGRAPHY, distribution, French Polynesia, Marquesas, Pacific Insects, Society Islands}, author = {Gillespie, R. G. and Claridge, E. M. and Goodacre, S. L.} } @article {76, title = {Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in an endemic Hawaiian planthopper (Nesosydne chambersi: Delphacidae)}, journal = {Molecular Ecology ResourcesMolecular Ecology ResourcesMolecular Ecology Resources}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 367BYTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 11Goodman, Kari Roesch Morris, Veronica Ruth Franco Welter, Stephen C. Roderick, George K.}, month = {Nov}, pages = {1436-1438}, type = {Article}, abstract = {We have isolated and characterized 17 microsatellite loci for the endemic Hawaiian planthopper Nesosydne chambersi (Delphacidae), a member of a large Hawaiian Nesosydne radiation. Thirty individuals from one population and 10 individuals from two populations across the species{\textquoteright} range were tested to investigate polymorphism. The observed loci contained two to nine alleles per locus. Expected heterozygosity within this species ranged from 0.2 to 0.85. These markers will be used to assess intraspecific differentiation and population structure within N. chambersi.}, keywords = {Delphacidae, HAWAII, Heteroptera, microsatellite, Nesosydne, Pacific Insects, planthopper, SSR}, isbn = {1755-098X}, author = {Goodman, K. R. and Morris, V. R. F. and Welter, S. C. and Roderick, G. K.} } @article {77, title = {Does species richness drive speciation? A reassessment with the Hawaiian biota}, journal = {EcographyEcography}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {279-285}, abstract = {After MacArthur and Wilson (1967), island biogeographical research focused primarily on processes of colonization and extinction over ecological time scales, but recent work has rejuvenated interest in the generation of diversity in situ over evolutionary time (Lomolino 2000, Losos and Schluter 2000, Gillespie 2004, Cadena et al. 2005). In a recent contribution, Emerson and Kolm (2005) proposed a causal link between species richness and speciation on islands. They suggested that species richness per se might increase the rate of speciation by intensifying competition and suppressing population densities of resident species, thereby allowing for increased genetic drift, greater lability in traits, and increased evolutionary change (Erwin 2005). Alternatively, increased structural complexity and heterogeneity associated with higher richness may stimulate niche diversification and speciation (Tokeshi 1999).In this paper, we revisit the relationship between endemism and species richness in a reanalysis of arthropod (Nishida 2002) and plant (Price 2004) data for the Hawaiian Islands and include a new dataset for land snails (Cowie et al. 1995, Cowie and Holland 2006). We propose distinct null models for endemism patterns in these island datasets. Because the methodological contrasts and findings of these different null models are more clear in the context of our assumptions, methods, and results, we address the specific null models of Emerson and Kolm (2007a,b), Witt and Maliakal-Witt (2007), Kiflawi et al. (2007), and Birand and Howard (2008) following the discussion of our analyses.Emerson and Kolm{\textquoteright}s (2005) original regression analysis rested on the implicit assumption that, in the absence of driving speciation mechanisms, the number or proportion of endemic species should be independent of the total richness on individual islands (this assumption was later made explicit, Emerson and Kolm 2007a). Under this assumption, the statistical null hypothesis is of no correlation between the proportion of SIEs and total species richness. However, a universal property of biodiversity sampling curves is that rare species are disproportionately under-represented in small samples (Gotelli and Colwell 2001). At the biogeographic scale, we expect the proportion of SIEs to escalate with total species richness, even in the absence of mechanisms promoting in situ speciation. Therefore, we formulated two null sampling hypotheses that incorporated the expected non-linearity in SIE proportion with variation in the richness of island species pools.}, keywords = {HAWAII, island biogeography, Pacific Insects, SPECIATION, species richness}, author = {Gruner, D.S. and Gotelli, N. J. and Price, J.P. and Cowie, R.H.} } @article {36, title = {Molecular biogeography and diversification of the endemic terrestrial fauna of the Hawaiian Islands}, journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological SciencesPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological SciencesPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences}, volume = {363}, number = {1508}, year = {2008}, note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 346VHTimes Cited: 1Cited Reference Count: 96Cowie, Robert H. Holland, Brenden S.}, month = {Oct}, pages = {3363-3376}, type = {Review}, abstract = {Oceanic islands have played a central role in biogeography and evolutionary biology. Here, we review molecular studies of the endemic terrestrial fauna of the Hawaiian archipelago. For some groups, monophyly and presumed single origin of the Hawaiian radiations have been confirmed ( achatinelline tree snails, drepanidine honeycreepers, drosophilid flies, Havaika spiders, Hylaeus bees, Laupala crickets). Other radiations are derived from multiple colonizations ( Tetragnatha and Theridion spiders, succineid snails, possibly Dicranomyia crane flies, Porzana rails). The geographic origins of many invertebrate groups remain obscure, largely because of inadequate sampling of possible source regions. Those of vertebrates are better known, probably because few lineages have radiated, diversity is far lower and morphological taxonomy permits identification of probable source regions. Most birds, and the bat, have New World origins. Within the archipelago, most radiations follow, to some degree, a progression rule pattern, speciating as they colonize newer from older islands sequentially, although speciation often also occurs within islands. Most invertebrates are single-island endemics. However, among multi-island species studied, complex patterns of diversification are exhibited, reflecting heightened dispersal potential ( succineids, Dicranomyia). Instances of Hawaiian taxa colonizing other regions are being discovered ( Scaptomyza flies, succineids). Taxonomy has also been elucidated by molecular studies ( Achatinella snails, drosophilids). While molecular studies on Hawaiian fauna have burgeoned since the mid-1990s, much remains unknown. Yet the Hawaiian fauna is in peril: more than 70 per cent of the birds and possibly 90 per cent of the snails are extinct. Conservation is imperative if this unique fauna is to continue shedding light on profound evolutionary and biogeographic questions.SUMMARY: The progression rule pattern provides a predictive theoretical framework against which lineage age, bifurcation order and colonization timing can be better understood, especially when applied within a comparative approach. Overall, many groups examined to date follow, at least roughly, a progression rule pattern of diversification, wherein the most basal taxa occur on the oldest island in the distribution of the lineage. However, a number of biogeographic patterns in terrestrial Hawaiian radiations are complex (Funk \& Wagner 1995; Holland \& Hadfield 2004). While some endemic groups clearly originated on Kauai, others appear to have first colonized either Oahu (achatinelline tree snails), Maui Nui (Laupala cerasina group, crickets) or the island of Hawaii (Hylaeus bees and one lineage of succineid snails: clade B, figure 2). In a few groups (Havaika spiders, Banza crickets, Dicranomyia crane flies), neither the original island colonized nor the subsequent pattern of diversification is clear.}, keywords = {Achatinellidae, adaptive radiation, arthropods, BIRDS, conveyor belt, dispersal, Drosophila, HAWAII, mtDNA, Pacific Insects, Phylogeny, snails, SPECIATION}, isbn = {0962-8436}, author = {Cowie, R. H. and Holland, B. S.} } @article {26, title = {Review of the Hawaiian Vespidae (Hymenoptera)}, journal = {Bishop Museum Occasional PapersBishop Museum Occasional Papers}, volume = {99}, year = {2008}, pages = {1-18}, abstract = {A key to the genera of Vespidae occurring in Hawai{\textquoteleft}i is presented. New generic synonymies include Chelodynerus Perkins, 1902, and Pseudopterocheilus Perkins, 1901, = Nesodynerus Perkins, 1901. All Hawaiian species presently placed in the genus Odynerus Latreille are transferred either to Euodynerus Dalla Torre (four species) or to Nesodynerus (94 species).}, keywords = {Euodynerus, HAWAII, HYMENOPTERA, keys, Nesodynerus, Odynerus, Pacific Insects, taxonomy, Vespidae}, author = {Carpenter, J. M.} } @article {8, title = {The ophionine wasps of Hawaii (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)}, journal = {Journal of Hymenoptera ResearchJournal of Hymenoptera Research}, volume = {17(1)}, year = {2008}, pages = {1-43}, keywords = {Enicospilus, HAWAII, HYMENOPTERA, Ichneumonidae, keys, Ophioninae, Pacific Insects, taxonomy}, author = {Bennet, D.J.} }