@article {211, title = {Ecologically and morphologically remarkable new cosmet moth species of the genus Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, with reference to the spectacular diversity of larval cases}, journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of AmericaAnnals of the Entomological Society of America}, volume = {104}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {2011/01/01}, pages = {1-15}, publisher = {Entomological Society of America}, abstract = {Hyposmocoma is an endemic Hawaiian moth genus with >330 recognized species occupying a remarkable range of ecological habits and exhibiting a high degree of variation typical of adaptive radiations. Within this diverse genus, some species have evolved intriguing and globally rare lifestyles, such as predatory or aquatic caterpillars. There are still many undescribed species in the genus, and no current work succinctly covers the range of their diversity. We describe nine new species in an attempt to demonstrate some of the remarkable ecological and phenotypic diversity displayed by species in the genus in a concise format: Hyposmocoma carnivora sp. nov. from the island of Hawaii; Hyposmocoma eliai sp. nov. Hyposmocoma nohomaalewa sp. nov., and Hyposmocoma waikamoi sp. nov. from the island of Kauai; and Hyposmocoma papaiili sp. nov., Hyposmocoma pukoa sp. nov., Hyposmocoma pupumoehewa sp. nov., Hyposmocoma opuulaau sp. nov., and Hyposmocoma waikamoi sp. nov. from the island of Maui. Although the taxa presented here do not represent a monophyletic group with respect to the rest of Hyposmocoma, they represent some of the most striking aspects of Hyposmocoma diversity as a whole.}, keywords = {biology, Cosmopterigidae, description, Gelechioidea, genitalia, HAWAII, Hyposmocoma, LEPIDOPTERA, morphology, Pacific Insects, PREDATION, snails}, isbn = {0013-8746}, author = {Schmitz, Patrick and Rubinoff, Daniel} } @article {212, title = {The Hawaiian amphibious caterpillar guild: new species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) confirm distinct aquatic invasions and complex speciation patterns}, journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean SocietyZoological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {162}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {15-42}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, abstract = {Although aquatic caterpillars are a globally rare lifestyle, we have found them in multiple, independent lineages of the endemic moth genus Hyposmocoma across all of the Hawaiian Islands with flowing water. We formally describe 11 new species of Hyposmocoma that belong to four different larval case types: cone, bugle, medium burrito, and large burrito: Hyposmocoma kahamanoasp. nov. from Oahu Island, Hyposmocoma kamakou sp. nov. from Molokai Island, Hyposmocoma kahaiaosp. nov., Hyposmocoma waihohonusp. nov., and Hyposmocoma moopalikeasp. nov. from Maui Island, andHyposmocoma aumakuawaisp. nov.,Hyposmocoma eepawaisp. nov., Hyposmocoma ipowainuisp. nov., Hyposmocoma kawaikoisp. nov., Hyposmocoma uhauiolesp. nov., and Hyposmocoma wailuasp. nov. from Kauai Island. We also illustrate and describe in detail the aquatic case-bearing larva of Hyposmocoma kahamanoa. Despite having similar ecologies as algae and lichen grazers at and below the water line of streams, prior research indicates that species with each case type constitute an independent lineage, with terrestrial sister taxa, and therefore the different groups of species bearing unique case types each represent an independent aquatic invasion. The case-bearing larvae often occur sympatrically, and on Kauai even species with similar case-types occur together, suggesting complex patterns of speciation and either past periods of isolation or sympatric speciation. Phylogenetic analysis of 2243 base pairs from two nuclear and one mitochondrial gene for 18 species confirm that each species is endemic to a single volcano, and that morphological divergence within case-types has not been dramatic. Diversification has been complex, and superficially similar case type lineages are not all monophyletic. Kauai, the oldest but smallest of the major high islands, supports more species in the aquatic guild than any other island, thus island age, rather than size, may be important in generating diversity in this group. {\textcopyright} 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 162, 15{\textendash}42.}, keywords = {adaptive radiation, aquatic, CAD, COI, Cosmopterigidae, EF1 alpha, ENDEMIC, Gelechioidea, HAWAII, Hyposmocoma, LEPIDOPTERA, Microlepidoptera, mtDNA, nuclear, Pacific Insects, Phylogeny}, isbn = {1096-3642}, author = {Schmitz, Patrick and Rubinoff, Daniel} } @article {202, title = {Geographic proximity not a prerequisite for invasion: Hawaii not the aource of California invasion by light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana)}, journal = {PLoS ONEPLoS ONE}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {e16361}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, abstract = {The light brown apple moth (LBAM), Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), is native to Australia but invaded England, New Zealand, and Hawaii more than 100 years ago. In temperate climates, LBAM can be a major agricultural pest. In 2006 LBAM was discovered in California, instigating eradication efforts and quarantine against Hawaiian agriculture, the assumption being that Hawaii was the source of the California infestation. Genetic relationships among populations in Hawaii, California, and New Zealand are crucial to understanding LBAM invasion dynamics across the Pacific.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We sequenced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 1293 LBAM individuals from California (695), Hawaii (448), New Zealand (147), and Australia (3) to examine haplotype diversity and structure among introduced populations, and evaluate the null hypothesis that invasive populations are from a single panmictic source. However, invasive populations in California and New Zealand harbor deep genetic diversity, whereas Hawaii shows low level, shallow diversity.

Conclusions/Significance

LBAM recently has established itself in California, but was in Hawaii and New Zealand for hundreds of generations, yet California and New Zealand show similar levels of genetic diversity relative to Hawaii. Thus, there is no clear relationship between duration of invasion and genetic structure. Demographic statistics suggest rapid expansion occurring in California and past expansions in New Zealand; multiple introductions of diverse, genetically fragmented lineages could contribute to these patterns. Hawaii and California share no haplotypes, therefore, Hawaii is not the source of the California introduction. Paradoxically, Hawaii and California share multiple haplotypes with New Zealand. New Zealand may be the source for the California and Hawaii infestations, but the introductions were independent, and Hawaii was invaded only once. This has significant implications for quarantine, and suggests that probability of invasion is not directly related to geographic distance. Surprisingly, Hawaiian LBAM populations have much lower genetic diversity than California, despite being older.

}, keywords = {Archipini, California, Epiphyas postvittana, HAWAII, LBAM, LEPIDOPTERA, Pacific Insects, TORTRICIDAE, Tortricinae}, author = {Rubinoff, Daniel and Holland, Brenden S. and San Jose, Michael and Powell, Jerry A.} } @article {203, title = {Multiple aquatic invasions by an endemic, terrestrial Hawaiian moth radiation}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, volume = {107}, number = {13}, year = {2010}, note = {10.1073/pnas.0912501107}, pages = {5903-5906}, abstract = {Insects are the most diverse form of life on the planet, dominating both terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, yet no species has a life stage able to breath, feed, and develop either continually submerged or without access to water. Such truly amphibious insects are unrecorded. In mountain streams across the Hawaiian Islands, some caterpillars in the endemic moth genus are truly amphibious. These larvae can breathe and feed indefinitely both above and below the water{\textquoteright}s surface and can mature completely submerged or dry. Remarkably, a molecular phylogeny based on 2,243 bp from both nuclear (elongation factor 1{\OE}{\textpm} and carbomoylphosphate synthase) and mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase I) genes representing 216 individuals and 89 species of reveals that this amphibious lifestyle is an example of parallel evolution and has arisen from strictly terrestrial clades at least three separate times in the genus starting more than 6 million years ago, before the current high islands existed. No other terrestrial genus of animals has sponsored so many independent aquatic invasions, and no other insects are able to remain active indefinitely above and below water. Why and how , an overwhelmingly terrestrial group, repeatedly evolved unprecedented aquatic species is unclear, although there are many other evolutionary anomalies across the Hawaiian archipelago. The uniqueness of the community assemblages of Hawaii{\textquoteright}s isolated biota is likely critical in generating such evolutionary novelty because this amphibious ecology is unknown anywhere else.}, keywords = {aquatic, Cosmopterigidae, ecology, EVOLUTION, Gelechioidea, HAWAII, Hyposmocoma, LEPIDOPTERA, Pacific Insects, streams}, author = {Rubinoff, Daniel and Schmitz, Patrick} }