@article {252,
	title = {Pollen foraging behaviour of solitary Hawaiian bees revealed through molecular pollen analysis},
	journal = {Molecular EcologyMolecular Ecology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {21},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {4823{\textendash}4829},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	abstract = {Abstract Obtaining quantitative information concerning pollinator behaviour has become a primary objective of pollination studies, but methodological limitations hinder progress towards this goal. Here, we use molecular genetic methods in an ecological context to demonstrate that endemic Hawaiian Hylaeus bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) selectively collect pollen from native plant species in Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes National Parks. We identified pollen DNA from the crops (internal storage organs) of 21 Hylaeus specimens stored in ethanol for up to 3~years. Genetic analyses reveal high fidelity in pollen foraging despite the availability of pollen from multiple plant species present at each study site. At high elevations in Haleakala, pollen was available from more than 12 species of flowering plants, but Hawaiian silversword (Argyroxiphium sandwicense subsp. macrocephalum) comprised 86\% of all pollen samples removed from bee crops. At lower elevations in both parks, we only detected pukiawe (Leptecophylla (Styphelia) tameiameiae) pollen in Hylaeus crops despite the presence of other plant species in flower during our study. Furthermore, 100\% of Hylaeus crops from which we successfully identified pollen contained native plant pollen. The molecular approaches developed in this study provide species-level information about floral visitation of Hawaiian Hylaeus that does not require specialized palynological expertise needed for high-throughput visual pollen identification. Building upon this approach, future studies can thus develop appropriate and customized criteria for assessing mixed pollen loads from a broader range of sources and from other global regions.},
	keywords = {Colletidae, floral fidelity, foraging ecology, HAWAII, Hylaeus, HYMENOPTERA, MOLECULAR, native pollinators, Pacific Insects, pollination, silversword},
	isbn = {1365-294X},
	author = {Wilson, E. E. and Sidhu, C. S. and LeVan, K. E. and Holway, D. A.}
}
@article {128,
	title = {Tissue segregation of mitochondrial haplotypes in heteroplasmic Hawaiian bees: implications for DNA barcoding},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology ResourcesMolecular Ecology Resources},
	volume = {10(1)},
	year = {2010},
	note = {10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02724.x},
	pages = {60-68},
	abstract = {The issue of mitochondrial heteroplasmy has been cited as a theoretical problem for DNA barcoding but is only beginning to be examined in natural systems. We sequenced multiple DNA extractions from 20 individuals of four Hawaiian Hylaeus bee species known to be heteroplasmic. All species showed strong differences at polymorphic sites between abdominal and muscle tissue in most individuals, and only two individuals had no obvious segregation. Two specimens produced completely clean sequences from abdominal DNA. The fact that these differences are clearly visible by direct sequencing indicates that substantial intra-individual mtDNA diversity may be overlooked when DNA is taken from small tissue fragments. At the same time, differences in haplotype distribution among individuals may result in incorrect recognition of cryptic species. Because DNA barcoding studies typically use only a small fragment of an organism, they are particularly vulnerable to sequencing bias where heteroplasmy and haplotype segregation are present. It is important to anticipate this possibility prior to undertaking large-scale barcoding projects to reduce the likelihood of haplotype segregation confounding the results.},
	keywords = {barcoding, Colletidae, HAWAII, Hylaeus, HYMENOPTERA, mtDNA, Pacific Insects},
	isbn = {1755-0998},
	author = {Magnacca, K. N. and Brown, M.J.F}
}
