@article {254, title = {Molecular systematics and biogeography of the genus Zizina (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)}, journal = {ZootaxaZootaxa}, volume = {1746}, year = {2008}, note = {Formal taxonomic statements are not made (ie. new synonymy, new status, etc.). The only formal statement is as follows:Genus ZizinaZ. otis [= Z. antanossa, Z. labradus]: China (type locality), Japan [Ryukyus], Taiwan, Indochina, India, Pakistan, SriLanka, Andaman, Philippines, Palawan, Mariana Islands, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Indonesian Archipelago,New Guinea, Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia, Australia, New Zealand, Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius.Z. emelina: Japan [except for Ryukyus] (type locality), South Korea, SW China, northern Myanmar.Z. oxleyi: New Zealand (type locality).}, pages = {15-38}, abstract = {Butterflies of the genus Zizina are widely distributed in all zoogeographical regions except the New World (North and South America) and the northern part of Eurasia. We address some of the problems in regard to the taxonomy and biogeography of the genus. We inferred phylogenetic relationships for all four species in the current classification of this genus from the ND5 region of mtDNA. From our molecular analyses and morphological evidence, we concluded that this genus contains three species; Z. otis, Z. oxleyi and Z. emelina. The status of the latter species is revised, while Z. labradus and Z. antanossa, which were formerly treated as specifically distinct, are regarded as subspecies of Z. otis. Based on our analyses, we also employ phylogeography to discuss possible speciation events in the genus. Each of the three Zizina species appears to have branched from the common ancestor, with a divergence time estimated to be about 2.5 million years ago. The ancestors of Z. oxleyi and Z. emelina are postulated to have adapted to a temperate climate, diverged in the northern and southern hemispheres, and resulted in the extant species from New Zealand and East Asia, respectively. In contrast, the ancestor of Z. otis adapted mainly to tropical and subtropical zones, and the extant Z. otis dispersed into the Afrotropical, Oriental and Australian regions. Feeding adaptations in the larvae also might have had an effect on speciation within Zizina. In addition, our results indicated that there is a possibility that the distribution of the New Zealand Z. oxleyi was reduced in extent by the introduction of Z. otis, which immigrated recently from Australia or its surroundings.}, keywords = {distribution, LEPIDOPTERA, Lycaenidae, MOLECULAR, mtDNA, ND5, Pacific Insects, Phylogeny, systematics, Zizina}, author = {Yago, Masaya and Hirai, Norio and Kondo, Mariko and Tanikawa, Tetsuo and Ishii, Minoru and Wang, Min and Williams, Mark and Ueshima, Rei} } @article {130, title = {Phylogeny of the Oxycoryninae sensu lato (Coleoptera : Belidae) and evolution of host-plant associations}, journal = {Invertebrate SystematicsInvertebrate Systematics}, volume = {20}, year = {2006}, note = {DISTRIBUTION: Proterhinus consists of 167 described species, the great majority from Hawaii but eight from Polynesia: three from the Marquesas (Perkins 1932, 1936) and three from the Society and Austral Islands (Zimmerman and Perrault 1989) in eastern Polynesia, and one from Phoenix Island (Perkins 1931) and one from Samoa (Perkins 1907) in western Polynesia (the latter (P. samoae) dispersed by humans with coconuts throughout Polynesia and into Melanesia and Micronesia (Zimmerman and Perrault 1989)). Further undescribed species have been recorded from Fiji and the Austral Islands (Zimmerman 1935; Zimmerman and Perrault 1989). Zimmerman and Perrault (1989) and Zimmerman (1994) interpreted this distribution pattern as a relict of a former more widespread occurrence in the Cretaceous and pondered the absence of aglycyderines from Australia.HOSTS: Host associations of the aglycyderines are also unusual. Aglycyderes develops in dead branches of Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae) (Paulian 1944; Menier 1974), Aralius in those of Pseudopanax K. Koch (Araliaceae) (Kuschel 1990, 2003) and Proterhinus mostly also in dead branches of a variety of plants, including ferns (Cibotium Kaulf., Dryopteris Adans.), palms (Cocos L., Pritchardia Seem. \& H. Wendl.) and a few other monocots (Astelia Banks \& Sol. ex R. Br., Pleomele Salisb.), and a large range of dicots. The recorded hosts in the latter group span the following orders and families of eudicots (generic names after Wagner et al. 1999): Caryophyllales (Amaranthaceae: Charpentiera Gaudich.; Nyctaginaceae: Pisonia L.), Myrtales (Myrtaceae: Metrosideros Banks ex Gaertn., Syzygium Gaertn.), Celastrales (Celastraceae: Perrottetia Kunth.), Fabales (Fabaceae: Acacia Mill.), Malphigiales (Euphorbiaceae: Aleurites J. R. Forst. \& G. Forst., Antidesma L., Euphorbia L.), Oxalidales (Cunoniaceae: Cunonia L. ( = Weinmannia L.); Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus L.), Rosales (Urticaceae: Pipturus Wedd.), Malvales (Malvaceae: Hibiscadelphus Rock, Waltheria L.; Thymelaeaceae: Wikstroemia Endl.), Sapindales (Rutaceae: Zanthoxylum L.), Cornales (Hydrangeaceae: Broussaisia Gaudich.), Ericales (Myrsinaceae: Myrsine L. ( = Suttonia A. Rich.)), Gentianales (Apocynaceae: Alyxia Banks ex R. Br.; Rubiaceae: Bobea Gaudich., Coprosma J. R. Forst. \& G.Forst., Hedyotis L. ( = Gouldia A. Gray), Pelea A. Gray, Psychotria L. ( = Straussia A. Gray)), Lamiales (Oleaceae: Nestegis Raf. ( = Osmanthus Lour.); Scrophulariaceae: Myoporum Banks \& Sol. ex G. Forst.), Apiales (Araliaceae: Cheirodendron Nutt. ex Seem., Tetraplasandra A. Gray), Asterales (Asteraceae: Argyroxiphium DC., Bidens L. ( = Campylotheca Cass.); Goodeniaceae: Scaevola L.; Lobeliaceae: Lobelia L.). In a large genus of mainly xylophagous and island-inhabiting species, such a wide diversity of hosts without any apparent pattern of association is not unexpected. Host specificity seems low in aglycyderines, although Swezey (1927) identified several {\textquoteleft}true{\textquoteright} (v. {\textquoteleft}accidental{\textquoteright}) hosts for Proterhinus in Hawaii and Kuschel (2003) suspected Aralius to be associated only with Araliaceae (Pseudopanax in New Zealand). In Proterhinus, the most commonly recorded host genera are Psychotria (Rubiaceae), Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae), Broussaisia (Hydrangeaceae) and Alyxia (Apocynaceae), and Rubiaceae is the family with the largest number of recorded host genera. In species whose larvae develop in living tissues (the leaf-mining species of Proterhinus, Perkins 1920) or in dying or freshly dead ones (Aralius, Kuschel 2003), host specificity is likely to be higher than in those that develop in dead bark or wood (Aglycyderes and most species of Proterhinus). Mining in living leaves appears to be a derived (secondarily evolved) association in Proterhinus, but in the absence of a better knowledge of host specificity in this genus, and of a phylogeny of its numerous species, any detailed analysis of the ancestral host associations of the aglycyderines is premature.TAXONOMYBelidaeOxycoryninae Schoenherr, 1840 Aglycyderini Wollaston, 1864 = Aglycyderidae Wollaston, 1864 [Aglycyderes Westwood] = Proterhinides Fauvel, 1891 [Proterhinus Sharp] = Proterhinidae; Sharp, 1899 = Proterhinini; Fauvel, 1903 = Aglycyderini; Fauvel, 1904 = Proterrhinidae; Kolbe, 1908 [lapsus] = Aglycyderoidea; Pierce, 1916 = Aglycideridae; Uyttenboogaart, 1937 [lapsus] = Platycephalitae Paulian, 1944 [Platycephala Montrouzier] = Aglycyderitae; Paulian, 1944 = Proterrhinoidea; Ienistea 1986 [lapsus] = Aglycyderinae; Kuschel, 1990 Aglycyderes Westwood, 1864 Type species: Aglycyderes setifer Westwood, 1864 Distribution: Canary Is., Morocco Aralius Kuschel, 1990 [Replacement name for Platycephala Montrouzier] Type species: Platycephala olivieri Montrouzier, 1861 Distribution: New Zealand, New Caledonia = Platycephala Montrouzier, 1861 (non Fall{\'e}n, 1820, nec Laporte, 1832) Type species: Platycephala olivieri Montrouzier, 1861 Proterhinus Sharp, 1878 Type species: Proterhinus vestitus Sharp, 1878 Distribution: Hawaii, Marquesas Is., Phoenix Is., Samoa, Society Is. = Proterrhinus Rye, 1880 [unjustified emendation]}, pages = {447-476}, abstract = {Phylogenetic relationships among the genera of the subfamily Oxycoryninae and other belids (Curculionoidea) were reconstructed by cladistic analysis using 21 terminals and 98 characters: 62 from imaginal morphology, 33 from larval morphology and three biological characters relating to host plants and larval feeding habits. Terminal taxa represent all extant genera of Oxycoryninae, two genera of each of the three tribes of Belinae plus two outgroup taxa used to root the tree. New information on the larvae and biology of the metrioxenines is used in phylogenetic reconstruction. In accord with the single optimal cladogram obtained, a revised classification of the Oxycoryninae is proposed. The subfamily is classified into three tribes (Oxycorynini, Metrioxenini and Aglycyderini), with the tribe Oxycorynini further classified into three subtribes (Oxycraspedina Marvaldi \& Oberprieler, subtr. nov., Oxycorynina and Allocorynina) and the tribe Metrioxenini into two subtribes (Metrioxenina and Afrocorynina (= Hispodini, syn. nov.)). Larval and adult unambiguous synapomorphies defining each clade are identified. Tracing the evolution of biological traits from the phylogenetic estimate indicates that drastic shifts to phylogenetically distant host plants occurred from the ancestral belid association with conifers. Structural, chemical and/or ecological similarities of the plant organs consumed apparently had a major influence in the colonisation of different plant taxa by this group of weevils.}, keywords = {Aglycyderidae, Coleoptera, distribution, ecology, French Polynesia, HAWAII, HOST, Pacific Insects, Phylogeny, Proterhinus, systematics, taxonomy}, author = {Marvaldi, A. E. and Oberprieler, R. G. and Lyal, C. H. C. and Bradbury, T. and Anderson, R. S.} }