@article {252, title = {Pollen foraging behaviour of solitary Hawaiian bees revealed through molecular pollen analysis}, journal = {Molecular EcologyMolecular Ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {21}, year = {2010}, pages = {4823{\textendash}4829}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, abstract = {Abstract Obtaining quantitative information concerning pollinator behaviour has become a primary objective of pollination studies, but methodological limitations hinder progress towards this goal. Here, we use molecular genetic methods in an ecological context to demonstrate that endemic Hawaiian Hylaeus bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) selectively collect pollen from native plant species in Haleakala and Hawaii Volcanoes National Parks. We identified pollen DNA from the crops (internal storage organs) of 21 Hylaeus specimens stored in ethanol for up to 3~years. Genetic analyses reveal high fidelity in pollen foraging despite the availability of pollen from multiple plant species present at each study site. At high elevations in Haleakala, pollen was available from more than 12 species of flowering plants, but Hawaiian silversword (Argyroxiphium sandwicense subsp. macrocephalum) comprised 86\% of all pollen samples removed from bee crops. At lower elevations in both parks, we only detected pukiawe (Leptecophylla (Styphelia) tameiameiae) pollen in Hylaeus crops despite the presence of other plant species in flower during our study. Furthermore, 100\% of Hylaeus crops from which we successfully identified pollen contained native plant pollen. The molecular approaches developed in this study provide species-level information about floral visitation of Hawaiian Hylaeus that does not require specialized palynological expertise needed for high-throughput visual pollen identification. Building upon this approach, future studies can thus develop appropriate and customized criteria for assessing mixed pollen loads from a broader range of sources and from other global regions.}, keywords = {Colletidae, floral fidelity, foraging ecology, HAWAII, Hylaeus, HYMENOPTERA, MOLECULAR, native pollinators, Pacific Insects, pollination, silversword}, isbn = {1365-294X}, author = {Wilson, E. E. and Sidhu, C. S. and LeVan, K. E. and Holway, D. A.} } @article {254, title = {Molecular systematics and biogeography of the genus Zizina (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)}, journal = {ZootaxaZootaxa}, volume = {1746}, year = {2008}, note = {Formal taxonomic statements are not made (ie. new synonymy, new status, etc.). The only formal statement is as follows:Genus ZizinaZ. otis [= Z. antanossa, Z. labradus]: China (type locality), Japan [Ryukyus], Taiwan, Indochina, India, Pakistan, SriLanka, Andaman, Philippines, Palawan, Mariana Islands, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Indonesian Archipelago,New Guinea, Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia, Australia, New Zealand, Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius.Z. emelina: Japan [except for Ryukyus] (type locality), South Korea, SW China, northern Myanmar.Z. oxleyi: New Zealand (type locality).}, pages = {15-38}, abstract = {Butterflies of the genus Zizina are widely distributed in all zoogeographical regions except the New World (North and South America) and the northern part of Eurasia. We address some of the problems in regard to the taxonomy and biogeography of the genus. We inferred phylogenetic relationships for all four species in the current classification of this genus from the ND5 region of mtDNA. From our molecular analyses and morphological evidence, we concluded that this genus contains three species; Z. otis, Z. oxleyi and Z. emelina. The status of the latter species is revised, while Z. labradus and Z. antanossa, which were formerly treated as specifically distinct, are regarded as subspecies of Z. otis. Based on our analyses, we also employ phylogeography to discuss possible speciation events in the genus. Each of the three Zizina species appears to have branched from the common ancestor, with a divergence time estimated to be about 2.5 million years ago. The ancestors of Z. oxleyi and Z. emelina are postulated to have adapted to a temperate climate, diverged in the northern and southern hemispheres, and resulted in the extant species from New Zealand and East Asia, respectively. In contrast, the ancestor of Z. otis adapted mainly to tropical and subtropical zones, and the extant Z. otis dispersed into the Afrotropical, Oriental and Australian regions. Feeding adaptations in the larvae also might have had an effect on speciation within Zizina. In addition, our results indicated that there is a possibility that the distribution of the New Zealand Z. oxleyi was reduced in extent by the introduction of Z. otis, which immigrated recently from Australia or its surroundings.}, keywords = {distribution, LEPIDOPTERA, Lycaenidae, MOLECULAR, mtDNA, ND5, Pacific Insects, Phylogeny, systematics, Zizina}, author = {Yago, Masaya and Hirai, Norio and Kondo, Mariko and Tanikawa, Tetsuo and Ishii, Minoru and Wang, Min and Williams, Mark and Ueshima, Rei} } @article {45, title = {Evolution on oceanic islands: molecular phylogenetic approaches to understanding pattern and process}, journal = {Molecular EcologyMolecular Ecology}, volume = {11}, year = {2002}, pages = {951-966}, abstract = {By their very nature oceanic island ecosystems offer great opportunities for the study of evolution and have for a long time been recognized as natural laboratories for studying evolution owing to their discrete geographical nature and diversity of species and habitats. The development of molecular genetic methods for phylogenetic reconstruction has been a significant advance for evolutionary biologists, providing a tool for answering questions about the diversity among the flora and fauna on such islands. These questions relate to both the origin and causes of species diversity both within an archipelago and on individual islands. Within a phylogenetic framework one can answer fundamental questions such as whether ecologically and/or morphologically similar species on different islands are the result of island colonization or convergent evolution. Testing hypotheses about ages of the individual species groups or entire community assemblages is also possible within a phylogenetic framework. Evolutionary biologists and ecologists are increasingly turning to molecular phylogenetics for studying oceanic island plant and animal communities and it is important to review what has been attempted and achieved so far, with some cautionary notes about interpreting phylogeographical pattern on oceanic islands.}, keywords = {EVOLUTION, island biogeography, MOLECULAR, Pacific Insects, phylogenetics, Phylogeography, radiation}, author = {Emerson, B.C.} }