@article {167, title = {Differential parasitism of seed-feeding Cydia (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by native and alien wasp species relative to elevation in subalpine Sophora (Fabaceae) forests on Mauna Kea, Hawaii}, journal = {Journal of Insect ConservationJournal of Insect Conservation}, volume = {8}, number = {2-3}, year = {2004}, note = {Times Cited: 0}, pages = {229-240}, abstract = {Alien parasitic wasps, including accidental introductions and purposefully released biological control agents, have been implicated in the decline of native Hawaiian Lepidoptera. Understanding the potential impacts of alien wasps requires knowledge of ecological parameters that influence parasitism rates for species in their new environment. Sophora seed-feeding Cydia spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were surveyed for larval parasitoids to determine how native and alien wasps are partitioned over an elevation gradient (2200-2800 m) on Hawaii Island, Hawaii. Parasitism rate of native Euderus metallicus (Eulophidae) increased with increased elevation, while parasitism rate by immigrant Calliephialtes grapholithae (Ichneumonidae) decreased. Parasitism by Pristomerus hawaiiensis (Ichneumonidae), origins uncertain, also decreased with increased elevation. Two other species, Diadegma blackburni (Ichneumonidae), origins uncertain, and Brasema cushmani (Eupelmidae), a purposefully introduced biological control agent for pepper weevil, did not vary significantly with elevation. Results are contrasted with a previous study of this system with implications for the conservation of an endangered bird species that feed on Cydia larvae. Interpretation of results is hindered by lack of knowledge of autecology of moths and wasps, origins, phylogeny, systematics, competitive ability, and physiological limitations of each wasp species. These factors should be incorporated into risk analysis for biological control introductions and invasive species programs.}, keywords = {biocontrol, Brasema, CALLIEPHIALTES, CHALCIDOIDEA, CONSERVATION, CYDIA, DIADEGMA, EUDERUS, EULOPHIDAE, EUPELMIDAE, gradient, Grapholitini, HAWAII, Ichneumonidae, LEPIDOPTERA, Mauna Kea, NONTARGET, Olethreutinae, Pacific Insects, PARASITISM, PRISTOMERUS, TORTRICIDAE}, isbn = {1366-638X}, author = {Oboyski, Peter T. and Slotterback, John W. and Banko, Paul C.} } @article {42, title = {Subzero temperature adaptations in arthropods from the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii}, journal = {Journal of Experimental ZoologyJournal of Experimental Zoology}, volume = {259}, number = {3}, year = {1991}, pages = {409-412}, publisher = {Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company}, abstract = {A preliminary study of subzero temperature adaptations was made of arthropods from the summit (4,200 m) of Mauna Kea, Hawaii. This barren, alpine stone desert aeolian habitat commonly experiences snow and nightly subzero temperatures in spite of its subtropical location. In mid-December, collections were made of a wolf spider (Lycosa sp.). the lygaeid bug (Nysius wekiuicola), and a noctuid caterpillar (Agrotis sp.). The Agrotis caterpillars were freeze tolerant. They had quite high supercooling points (SCP = -4.8{\textdegree}C) and survived a 24 hr frozen exposure at -6.2{\textdegree}C. The site of nucleation is apparently not the hemolymph, as the hemolymph SCP was -15.1{\textdegree}C. The spiders and wekiu bugs were not freeze tolerant. The SCPs of the spiders (X = -5.8{\textdegree}C) were not particularly low, but these highly mobile arthropods may be able to seek thermally buffered microhabitats when the need arises. The wekiu bugs showed greater supercooling abilities, with some individuals supercooling to -18{\textdegree}C, although the SCPs were quite variable. The subzero temperature adaptations of the arthropods from such an isolated subtropical site are remarkable adaptive capabilities.}, keywords = {Aranaea, behavior, biology, ecology, habitat, HAWAII, Hemiptera, Heteroptera, LEPIDOPTERA, Lycosidae, Mauna Kea, Noctuidae, Nysius, Pacific Insects, physiology}, isbn = {1097-010X}, author = {Duman, John G. and Montgomery, Steven L.} } @article {44, title = {Life history and captive rearing of the Wekiu bug (Nysius wekiuicola, Lygaeidae), an alpine carnivore endemic to the Mauna Kea volcano of Hawaii}, journal = {Journal of Insect ConservationJournal of Insect Conservation}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {701-709}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, abstract = {The hemipteran family Lygaeidae contains species that are overwhelmingly plant and seed feeders. The Wekiu bug, Nysius wekiuicola, a candidate endangered species endemic to the summit of the 4,205~m volcano, Mauna Kea, and the closely related A{\textquoteright}A bug, Nysius aa, are the only obligate carnivore scavengers of the family. Despite its unique diet, remarkable ecology, and high profile due to conservation concerns, there is still little known about the Wekiu bug. We present the first detailed observations and descriptions of the Wekiu bug, including a complete life history. The Wekiu bug lays eggs singly or in small loose clutches, matures after five nymphal instars, and can survive and reproduce at constant temperatures never found in its natural habitat. Our results clearly demonstrate the importance of behaviour, rather than pure physiological adaption, in an insect{\textquoteright}s persistence in a harsh environment. The Wekiu bug{\textquoteright}s shift to carnivory from a suite of herbivorous congeners is a remarkable adaptive shift in an aeolian system bereft of vascular plants. Finally, we relate the specialized life history of the Wekiu bug to its conservation on the arid, frigid summit of the Mauna Kea volcano. This unique habitat is increasingly impacted by tourism and telescope facilities.}, keywords = {biology, CONSERVATION, EVOLUTION, HAWAII, Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Lygaeidae, Mauna Kea, Nysius wekiuicola, Pacific Insects}, isbn = {1366-638X}, author = {Eiben, Jesse and Rubinoff, Daniel} }