@article {179,
	title = {Detrimental effects of two widespread invasive ant species on weight and survival of colonial nesting seabirds in the Hawaiian Islands},
	journal = {Biological InvasionsBiological Invasions},
	volume = {11},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	note = {10.1007/s10530-008-9233-2},
	pages = {289-298},
	abstract = {Invasive ants are a significant conservation concern and can have far-reaching effects in ecosystems they invade. We used the experimental control of ant numbers on two pairs of small (\&lt;5\&nbsp;ha) offshore islets dominated by either the big-headed ant, Pheidole megacephala or the tropical fire ant, Solenopsis geminata to investigate the influence of these species on seabird hatching success, fledging success and weight. Limited unpublished observations of both ant species attacking nesting seabirds exist, but the frequency of attacks or how they affect seabird growth and survival are unknown. Island-wide treatments with hydramethylnon resulted in the eradication of P. megacephala and the temporary reduction of S. geminata densities. No difference in hatching success, growth, or fledging success of Wedge-tailed Shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus), a common colonial nesting seabird in the Hawaiian Islands was observed on the pair of islets dominated by P. megacephala. On islets dominated by S. geminata, ant control resulted in a temporary increase in fledging success. Injury frequency increased dramatically on the untreated islet (8.3{\textendash}100\%) while remaining the same on the treated islet (27{\textendash}38\%). Severely injured chicks (i.e., chicks that lost \&gt;20\% of tissue on their feet) weighed significantly less than uninjured chicks and did not fledge. It is unclear if the chicks were being preyed upon or stung in defense of nearby ant colonies. Radical changes in invasive ant populations have been noted, and booming ant populations could cause short-term, but widespread damage to seabird colonies. The negative effects of invasive ants on seabirds may be difficult to detect, and therefore unknown or underestimated throughout the world where the two groups overlap.},
	keywords = {ants, BIRDS, Formicidae, HAWAII, HYMENOPTERA, invasive species, Pacific Insects},
	author = {Plentovich, Sheldon and Hebshi, Aaron and Conant, Sheila}
}
@booklet {51,
	title = {Barefoot on lava: The journals and correspondence of naturalist R.C.L. Perkins in Hawaii, 1892-1901},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Fauna Hawaiiensis},
	pages = {412},
	publisher = {Bishop Museum Press},
	address = {Honolulu},
	keywords = {BIRDS, Coleoptera, HAWAII, LEPIDOPTERA, Pacific Insects},
	author = {Evenhuis, N. L.}
}
@article {36,
	title = {Molecular biogeography and diversification of the endemic terrestrial fauna of the Hawaiian Islands},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological SciencesPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological SciencesPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	volume = {363},
	number = {1508},
	year = {2008},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 346VHTimes Cited: 1Cited Reference Count: 96Cowie, Robert H. Holland, Brenden S.},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {3363-3376},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {Oceanic islands have played a central role in biogeography and evolutionary biology. Here, we review molecular studies of the endemic terrestrial fauna of the Hawaiian archipelago. For some groups, monophyly and presumed single origin of the Hawaiian radiations have been confirmed ( achatinelline tree snails, drepanidine honeycreepers, drosophilid flies, Havaika spiders, Hylaeus bees, Laupala crickets). Other radiations are derived from multiple colonizations ( Tetragnatha and Theridion spiders, succineid snails, possibly Dicranomyia crane flies, Porzana rails). The geographic origins of many invertebrate groups remain obscure, largely because of inadequate sampling of possible source regions. Those of vertebrates are better known, probably because few lineages have radiated, diversity is far lower and morphological taxonomy permits identification of probable source regions. Most birds, and the bat, have New World origins. Within the archipelago, most radiations follow, to some degree, a progression rule pattern, speciating as they colonize newer from older islands sequentially, although speciation often also occurs within islands. Most invertebrates are single-island endemics. However, among multi-island species studied, complex patterns of diversification are exhibited, reflecting heightened dispersal potential ( succineids, Dicranomyia). Instances of Hawaiian taxa colonizing other regions are being discovered ( Scaptomyza flies, succineids). Taxonomy has also been elucidated by molecular studies ( Achatinella snails, drosophilids). While molecular studies on Hawaiian fauna have burgeoned since the mid-1990s, much remains unknown. Yet the Hawaiian fauna is in peril: more than 70 per cent of the birds and possibly 90 per cent of the snails are extinct. Conservation is imperative if this unique fauna is to continue shedding light on profound evolutionary and biogeographic questions.SUMMARY: The progression rule pattern provides a predictive theoretical framework against which lineage age, bifurcation order and colonization timing can be better understood, especially when applied within a comparative approach. Overall, many groups examined to date follow, at least roughly, a progression rule pattern of diversification, wherein the most basal taxa occur on the oldest island in the distribution of the lineage. However, a number of biogeographic patterns in terrestrial Hawaiian radiations are complex (Funk \& Wagner 1995; Holland \& Hadfield 2004). While some endemic groups clearly originated on Kauai, others appear to have first colonized either Oahu (achatinelline tree snails), Maui Nui (Laupala cerasina group, crickets) or the island of Hawaii (Hylaeus bees and one lineage of succineid snails: clade B, figure 2). In a few groups (Havaika spiders, Banza crickets, Dicranomyia crane flies), neither the original island colonized nor the subsequent pattern of diversification is clear.},
	keywords = {Achatinellidae, adaptive radiation, arthropods, BIRDS, conveyor belt, dispersal, Drosophila, HAWAII, mtDNA, Pacific Insects, Phylogeny, snails, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0962-8436},
	author = {Cowie, R. H. and Holland, B. S.}
}
@article {2,
	title = {Butterfly biogeography and endemism on tropical Pacific Islands},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean SocietyBiological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {51},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Birds and butterflies are not the best things to compare. Not a great article for biogeography of Lepidoptera.},
	pages = {151-162},
	abstract = {Butterfly distributions on 26 tropical Pacific archipelagos were analysed to examine the effects of geography on diversity and endemism. The total butterfly fauna for each archipelago was divided into continental (found also on continental areas), Pacific (found within more than one archipelago but not ourside of the study area), and endemic species (restricted to a single archipelago). Numbers and proportions of each species were related to eight geographic variable by stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. Total  area of an archipelago and distance from other land masses were important predictors of the number of species within an archipelago. Proportions of butterfly species in each category were related differently to the geographic variables, with endemism being promoted by the number of large islands within an archipelago. Relative to birds, butterflies have been less successful in colonizing remore archipelagos and have much lower levels of endemism. Even if colonization is successful, butterflies speciation may be constrained by the mechanics of coevolution with available host plants.},
	keywords = {BIODIVERSITY, BIOGEOGRAPHY, BIRDS, ENDEMIC, EVOLUTION, LEPIDOPTERA, Pacific Insects, SPECIATION},
	author = {Adler, G.H. and Dudley, R.}
}
@article {7,
	title = {Availability of food resources, distribution of invasive species, and conservation of a Hawaiian bird along a gradient of elevation},
	journal = {Journal of BiogeographyJournal of Biogeography},
	volume = {29},
	number = {5-6},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Times Cited: 5},
	pages = {789-808},
	abstract = {Aim We evaluated how an elevation gradient affects: (1) the availability of food required by a specialist seed-eater, Loxioides bailleui Oustalet (Drepanidinae), or palila, and hence the distribution of this endangered Hawaiian bird, and (2) the distribution of alien threats to Loxioides populations, their primary foods, and their dry-forest habitat, and hence strategies for their conservation. Location We worked throughout the subalpine forest that encircles Mauna Kea Volcano, Hawaii Island, but we focused our studies mainly on the western slope between 2000 and 3000 m elevation, where the gradient of elevation was greatest and palila were most abundant. Methods We determined phenology and productivity patterns of the endemic dry-forest tree species, Sophora chrysophylla (Salisb.) Seem. (Fabaceae), or mamane, which provides Loxioides with most of their food, and another common endemic tree, Myoporum sandwicense A. Gray (Myoporaceae), or naio, which provides some resources, along a 786-m elevation gradient at monthly intervals for 10 years (Sophora only). We also determined the availability each month of moth larvae (Lepidoptera) for that were important in the diet of nestling and adult palila. In addition, we documented the incidence of parasitism on moth larvae by several wasp (Hymenoptera) and fly (Diptera) species, and we determined the distribution of predatory wasps and ants (Hymenoptera), which potentially threaten insect prey of birds. Percentage cover of alien grass species that pose fire threats in palila habitat and other weeds were assessed during one survey. Small mammal abundance and distribution were determined by trapping during three (rodent) or five (carnivore) surveys. Results Sophora flower and seed (pod) availability varied predictably along the elevation gradient, with about 4 months separating peaks in reproduction at high and low elevations. This, together with highly variable production of flowers and pods within elevation strata, resulted in Sophora resources being available to Loxioides throughout the year on the western slope of Mauna Kea. Sophora produced flowers and pods more seasonally where gradients of elevation were short; thus, resources were available less consistently. In contrast, Myoporum produced flowers and fruits with little variation with respect to season or elevation. The availability of important insect prey of Loxioides was also related to elevation, in part because threats to Lepidoptera larvae from parasitic wasps were generally less at higher elevations. Threats to insect prey from predatory ants was also less at higher elevations but the abundance of predatory wasps was not related to elevation. Several weeds that pose the most serious threats to Loxioides habitat were more abundant at mid and low elevations, and alien grass cover was somewhat greater at mid elevation, thereby increasing fire risks in the centre of Loxioides habitat. Predatory mammals, in particular Felis catus Linnaeus, were common throughout the subalpine forest of Mauna Kea. However, Rattus rattus Linnaeus was rare, especially at higher elevations, whereas Mus musculus Linnaeus was more abundant at lower elevations. Main conclusions Loxioides are concentrated in habitat that is distributed along a substantial gradient of elevation at least in part because food is available throughout the year and threats to food resources are less concentrated. To recover Loxioides elsewhere in its former range, habitats must be restored and alien threats reduced along extensive elevation gradients. Conservation along environmental gradients will likely benefit other Hawaiian birds that track the availability of food across landscapes or that have been stranded in the higher portions of their original ranges because of the greater impacts of alien diseases, predators, food competitors, and habitat stressors at lower elevations.},
	keywords = {BIRDS, CYDIA, FORAGING, HAWAII, LEPIDOPTERA, Pacific Insects, PALILA, PARASITISM, TORTRICIDAE},
	isbn = {0305-0270},
	author = {Banko, P. C. and Oboyski, P. T. and Slotterback, J. W. and Dougill, S. J. and Goltz, D. M. and Johnson, L. and Laut, M. E. and Murray, T. C.}
}
@article {17,
	title = {Parasitism of <i>Cydia</i> spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on <i>Sophora chrysophylla</i> (Fabaceae) along an elevation gradient of dry subalpine forest on Mauna Kea, Hawaii},
	journal = {Pan-Pacific EntomologistPan-Pacific Entomologist},
	volume = {78},
	number = {2},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Times Cited: 4},
	pages = {101-109},
	abstract = {The biology and ecological importance of Hawaiian endemic Cydia spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are poorly known. Cydia larvae are an important food to palila, an endangered Hawaiian bird that inhabits Sophora woodlands on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. We quantified Cydia larval abundance in seeds of Sophora chrysophylla Salisbury (Fabaceae) and larval mortality caused by parasitism. Four new host plant associations are reported: C. crassicornis [Walsingham], C. falsifalcella [Walsingham], C. obliqua [Walsingham], and C. storeella [Walsingham]. Four parasitoid wasp species were consistently reared from larval Cydia: Calliephialtes grapholithae [Cresson], Diadegma blackburni [Cameron], Pristomerus hawaiiensis Perkins (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), and Euderus metallicus [Ashmead] (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). The three Ichneumonidae appear to be accidental introductions, while E. metallicus is likely to be native to Hawaii. Parasitism rates by all four wasps combined decreased with elevation from 94\% at 1800 m to 20\% at 2700 m.},
	keywords = {BIRDS, CALLIEPHIALTES, CONSERVATION, CYDIA, DIADEGMA, EUDERUS, EULOPHIDAE, HAWAII, HYMENOPTERA, Ichneumonidae, LEPIDOPTERA, Pacific Insects, PALILA, PARASITISM, PRISTOMERUS, TORTRICIDAE},
	isbn = {0031-0603},
	author = {Brenner, G. J. and Oboyski, P. T. and Banko, P. C.}
}
