@article {73,
	title = {Density of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) differers at different elevations in Hawaiian montane forest},
	journal = {The Southwestern NaturalistThe Southwestern NaturalistThe Southwestern Naturalist},
	volume = {52},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {364-370},
	abstract = {Elevation has strong effects on climate and biota. In Hawaii, elevation on volcanic mountains affects temperature, rainfall, vegetation, and fauna. The effect of elevation on animal distribution and abundance can be direct through effects on climate or, in the case of phytophagous insects, indirectly mediated through climatic effects on host plants. In montane wet forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia lehua) and Acacia koa (koa), longhorned wood-boring beetles (Cerambycidae, Plagithmysus) play an important role as decomposers of wood and as food for higher trophic levels. The beetles I studied feed exclusively on dead wood of koa. I assessed the effect of elevation on the density of longhorned beetles in plantations of koa at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii. Density per branch of longhorned beetles was more than twice as great in the low-elevation sample (1,620{\textendash}1,650 m; 3.49 beetles/branch, n = 200) as in the high-elevation sample (1,880{\textendash}1,970 m; 1.61 beetles/branch, n = 200; t = 5.08, P < 0.001). Beetles were contagiously distributed among branches at both low and high elevations (CD = 5.71). Size of branch had a consistent positive effect on density of beetles, although this effect was more pronounced at low elevation. Elevation affects biological diversity directly through climate and seasonality, and indirectly through climatic effects on key habitat features. Effects of seasonality and habitat features on longhorned beetles need further study in Hawaiian montane forest.},
	keywords = {Acacia koa, Cerambycidae, Coleoptera, elevation, fabaceae, gradient, HAWAII, Pacific Insects, Plagithmysus},
	author = {Goldsmith, Steven}
}
@article {74,
	title = {Restoration of Hawaiian montane wet forest: Endemic longhorned beetles (Cerambycidae: <i>Plagithmysus</i>) in koa (Fabaceae: <i>Acacia koa</i>) plantations and in intact forest},
	journal = {The Southwestern NaturalistThe Southwestern NaturalistThe Southwestern Naturalist},
	volume = {52},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {356-363},
	abstract = {Reforestation of degraded lands in the tropics is one of the most important goals of ecological restoration. Restoration of montane wet forest is in progress at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii, using plantations of Acacia koa (koa), a canopy tree of montane wet forest. We used longhorned beetles (Plagithmysus claviger and P. varians) as indicator species to assess restoration. The beetles feed by boring into dead koa branches and are food for the endemic forest bird Hemignathus munroi. We quantified density of beetles in branches of koa from trees of 3 age categories: young plantations (3{\textendash}8 y; 222 branches), older plantations (12{\textendash}15 y; 212 branches), and canopy trees of intact forest (167 branches). We sampled by breaking dead branches into short pieces and counting the beetles within. Density of beetles was greater in canopy trees (4.89 beetles/branch) than in planted trees and was greater in older plantations (3.24 beetles/branch) than in younger plantations (0.90 beetles/branch). Beetles were clumped in distribution among branches (coefficient of dispersion = 5.17). Mean basal diameter of branches in canopy trees (32.6 mm) was greater than in planted trees and was greater in older plantations (29.3 mm) than in young plantations (19.0 mm). In young and older plantations, branches that harbored beetles were larger than branches that did not, but in canopy trees there was no difference. Branch diameter had a positive effect on number of beetles per branch in all age categories. Koa plantations promote recovery of plant and animal biological diversity in degraded habitats formerly occupied by montane wet forest.},
	keywords = {Acacia koa, Cerambycidae, Coleoptera, CONSERVATION, fabaceae, HAWAII, Pacific Insects, Plagithmysus, reforestation},
	author = {Goldsmith, S. and Gillespie, H. and Weatherby, C.}
}
