@article {167,
	title = {Differential parasitism of seed-feeding <i>Cydia</i> (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by native and alien wasp species relative to elevation in subalpine <i>Sophora</i> (Fabaceae) forests on Mauna Kea, Hawaii},
	journal = {Journal of Insect ConservationJournal of Insect Conservation},
	volume = {8},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Times Cited: 0},
	pages = {229-240},
	abstract = {Alien parasitic wasps, including accidental introductions and purposefully released biological control agents, have been implicated in the decline of native Hawaiian Lepidoptera. Understanding the potential impacts of alien wasps requires knowledge of ecological parameters that influence parasitism rates for species in their new environment. Sophora seed-feeding Cydia spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were surveyed for larval parasitoids to determine how native and alien wasps are partitioned over an elevation gradient (2200-2800 m) on Hawaii Island, Hawaii. Parasitism rate of native Euderus metallicus (Eulophidae) increased with increased elevation, while parasitism rate by immigrant Calliephialtes grapholithae (Ichneumonidae) decreased. Parasitism by Pristomerus hawaiiensis (Ichneumonidae), origins uncertain, also decreased with increased elevation. Two other species, Diadegma blackburni (Ichneumonidae), origins uncertain, and Brasema cushmani (Eupelmidae), a purposefully introduced biological control agent for pepper weevil, did not vary significantly with elevation. Results are contrasted with a previous study of this system with implications for the conservation of an endangered bird species that feed on Cydia larvae. Interpretation of results is hindered by lack of knowledge of autecology of moths and wasps, origins, phylogeny, systematics, competitive ability, and physiological limitations of each wasp species. These factors should be incorporated into risk analysis for biological control introductions and invasive species programs.},
	keywords = {biocontrol, Brasema, CALLIEPHIALTES, CHALCIDOIDEA, CONSERVATION, CYDIA, DIADEGMA, EUDERUS, EULOPHIDAE, EUPELMIDAE, gradient, Grapholitini, HAWAII, Ichneumonidae, LEPIDOPTERA, Mauna Kea, NONTARGET, Olethreutinae, Pacific Insects, PARASITISM, PRISTOMERUS, TORTRICIDAE},
	isbn = {1366-638X},
	author = {Oboyski, Peter T. and Slotterback, John W. and Banko, Paul C.}
}
@article {112,
	title = {Ecological correlates of the non-indigenous parasitoid assemblage associated with a Hawaiian endemic moth},
	journal = {OecologiaOecologiaOecologia},
	volume = {166},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 793KGTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 45Kaufman, Leyla V. Wright, Mark G.UsdaThe authors acknowledge USDA-TSTAR for funding. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources and The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii are thanked for facilitating collection permits and access to field sites. Peter Follett, Russell Messing and William Haines are thanked for commenting on an earlier version of the manuscript. Numerous field assistants, particularly Clesson Higashi and Sasha Grant are thanked for assistance with rearing the larvae and growing the plants used in this study.SpringerNew york},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {1087-1098},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Understanding what ecological factors might predispose indigenous habitats to invasion by invasive species is an important aspect of conservation and invasive species management, particularly when biological control is considered for suppression of the invasive species. This study seeks to identify ecological factors that might play a role in determining the structure of the parasitoid assemblage associated with caterpillars of the endemic Hawaiian moth Udea stellata (Crambidae). Parasitoids were reared from field-collected U. stellata larvae at 18 locations. Fourteen environmental variables were measured at each site. Two multivariate analyses, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial redundancy analysis (RDA), were used to analyze the parasitoid assemblage across a range of habitats varying in environmental characteristics. The PCA analysis showed that the occurrence of some species were highly correlated, and associated with less disturbed sites, whereas other species were associated with sites of medium and high levels of disturbance. The RDA analysis showed that only three of the measured environmental variables (U. stellata density, elevation, and level of habitat disturbance) significantly explained variability in the parasitoid assemblage among sites. There was greater parasitoid species richness associated with U. stellata larvae at higher elevation sites with a lower degree of habitat disturbance by exotic vegetation. The purposely introduced parasitoid species were associated with the non-target moth at sites located at higher elevations with low levels of disturbance. Multivariate analysis has the potential to provide valuable insights into the identification of important environmental factors that mediate parasitoid assemblage structure and level of parasitism on a particular target or non-target species, and therefore facilitate identification of suitable target habitats or susceptible non-target habitats.},
	keywords = {Australia, biocontrol, carabid assemblages, community, elevation, Environmental variables, gradient, HAWAII, host-specificity, LEPIDOPTERA, Multivariate analysis, Non-target impacts, Pacific Insects, Parasitoid assemblage},
	isbn = {0029-8549},
	author = {Kaufman, L. V. and Wright, M. G.}
}
@article {73,
	title = {Density of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) differers at different elevations in Hawaiian montane forest},
	journal = {The Southwestern NaturalistThe Southwestern NaturalistThe Southwestern Naturalist},
	volume = {52},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {364-370},
	abstract = {Elevation has strong effects on climate and biota. In Hawaii, elevation on volcanic mountains affects temperature, rainfall, vegetation, and fauna. The effect of elevation on animal distribution and abundance can be direct through effects on climate or, in the case of phytophagous insects, indirectly mediated through climatic effects on host plants. In montane wet forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia lehua) and Acacia koa (koa), longhorned wood-boring beetles (Cerambycidae, Plagithmysus) play an important role as decomposers of wood and as food for higher trophic levels. The beetles I studied feed exclusively on dead wood of koa. I assessed the effect of elevation on the density of longhorned beetles in plantations of koa at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii. Density per branch of longhorned beetles was more than twice as great in the low-elevation sample (1,620{\textendash}1,650 m; 3.49 beetles/branch, n = 200) as in the high-elevation sample (1,880{\textendash}1,970 m; 1.61 beetles/branch, n = 200; t = 5.08, P < 0.001). Beetles were contagiously distributed among branches at both low and high elevations (CD = 5.71). Size of branch had a consistent positive effect on density of beetles, although this effect was more pronounced at low elevation. Elevation affects biological diversity directly through climate and seasonality, and indirectly through climatic effects on key habitat features. Effects of seasonality and habitat features on longhorned beetles need further study in Hawaiian montane forest.},
	keywords = {Acacia koa, Cerambycidae, Coleoptera, elevation, fabaceae, gradient, HAWAII, Pacific Insects, Plagithmysus},
	author = {Goldsmith, Steven}
}
