@article {56,
	title = {Day-flying butterflies remain day-flying in a Polynesian, bat-free habitat},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological SciencesProceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
	volume = {267},
	number = {1459},
	year = {2000},
	note = {10.1098/rspb.2000.1282},
	pages = {2295-2300},
	abstract = {To test the theory that insectivorous bats have selected for diurnality in earless butterflies I compared the nocturnal flight patterns of three species of nymphalid butterflies on the bat-free Pacific island of Moorea with those of three nymphalids in the bat-inhabited habitat of Queensland, Australia. Nocturnal flight, measured as the ratio of deep night (1h following sunset to 1h preceding sunrise) to twilight night (1h before sunset to 30 min after sunrise) activity did not differ significantly between the two locations, nor did the percentage of individuals active and I conclude that living in a bat-released habitat has not produced nocturnal flight in these insects. This result is surprising considering the potential advantages of escaping diurnally active predators and suggests that physiological adaptations (e.g. thermoregulation and/or vision) currently constrain these insects to diurnal flight. Since taxonomic records suggest that gene flow does not exist with bat-exposed conspecifics, I suggest that insufficient time has elapsed since these species migrated to Moorea to have resulted in major phenotypic changes such as diel flight preferences.},
	keywords = {bats, diurnal, LEPIDOPTERA, Moorea, nocturnal, Nymphalidae, Pacific Insects, Society Islands, tympana},
	author = {Fullard, J.H.}
}
@article {57,
	title = {Extinction of the acoustic startle response in moths endemic to a bat-free habitat},
	journal = {Journal of Evolutionary BiologyJournal of Evolutionary Biology},
	volume = {17(4)},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {856-861},
	abstract = {Most moths use ears solely to detect the echolocation calls of hunting, insectivorous bats and evoke evasive flight manoeuvres. This singularity of purpose predicts that this sensoribehavioural network will regress if the selective force that originally maintained it is removed. We tested this with noctuid moths from the islands of Tahiti and Moorea, sites where bats have never existed and where an earlier study demonstrated that the ears of endemic species resemble those of adventives although partially reduced in sensitivity. To determine if these moths still express the anti-bat defensive behaviour of acoustic startle response (ASR) we compared the nocturnal flight times of six endemic to six adventive species in the presence and absence of artificial bat echolocation sounds. Whereas all of the adventive species reduced their flight times when exposed to ultrasound, only one of the six endemic species did so. These differences were significant when tested using a phylogenetically based pairwise comparison and when comparing effect sizes. We conclude that the absence of bats in this habitat has caused the neural circuitry that normally controls the ASR behaviour in bat-exposed moths to become decoupled from the functionally vestigial ears of endemic Tahitian moths.},
	keywords = {bats, EVOLUTION, French Polynesia, LEPIDOPTERA, Moorea, Noctuidae, Pacific Insects, PREDATION, Society Islands, Tahiti, tympana},
	author = {Fullard, J.H. and Ratcliffe, J.M. and Soutar, A.R.}
}
