@article {180, title = {Evolution of satellite DNAs in a radiation of endemic Hawaiian spiders: Does concerted evolution of highly repetitive sequences reflect evolutionary history?}, journal = {Journal of Molecular EvolutionJournal of Molecular Evolution}, volume = {59(5)}, year = {2004}, pages = {632-641}, abstract = {Satellite DNAs are known for an unusual and nonuniform evolution characterized by rapid evolutionary change between species and concerted evolution leading to molecular homogeneity within species. In this paper we use satellite DNAs for phylogenetic analysis of a rapidly evolving lineage of spiders and compare the phylogeny with a hypothesis previously generated based on mitochondrial DNA and allozymes. The spiders examined include almost all species within a monophyletic clade of endemic Hawaiian Tetragnatha species, the spiny-leg clade. The phylogeny based on satellite sequences is largely congruent to those produced by mtDNA and allozymes, except that the satellite DNA yields much longer branches, with higher levels of support for any given node. Closely related species that have differentiated ecologically within an island are well resolved with satellite DNA but much less so with mtDNA. These results suggest that Tetragnatha stDNA repeats seem to be evolving gradually and cohesively during the diversification of these endemic Hawaiian spiders. The study also reveals gain{\textendash}loss of satellite DNA copies during species diversification. We conclude that satellite DNA sequences may potentially be very useful for resolving relationships between rapidly evolving taxa within an adaptive radiation. In addition, satellite DNA as a nuclear marker suggests that hybridization or peripatry could play a possible role in species formation that cannot be revealed by mitochondrial markers due to its maternal inheritance.}, keywords = {adaptive radiation, Araneae, HAWAII, Pacific Insects, Tetragnatha, Tetragnathidae}, author = {Pons, J. and Gillespie, R. G.} } @article {70, title = {Free-living spiders of the genus Ariamnes (Araneae, Theridiidae) in Hawaii}, journal = {Journal of ArachnologyJournal of ArachnologyJournal of Arachnology}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {11-37}, abstract = {This study examines species in a relatively diverse lineage of Ariamnes spiders in the Hawaiian archipelago, where they appear to have undergone adaptive radiation, with several species generally co-occurring at any one locality. The lineage was initially described by the single species A. corniger Simon 1900. The Hawaiian representatives of this lineage are characterized by variably elongate abdomens and are mostly free-living, at least as adults, although a number have been found to occur, at least facultatively, as kleptoparasites on the webs of other spiders. These spiders are all nocturnal. Their phylogenetic affinities with other representatives of the genus outside the Hawaiian Islands are unclear. Ten new species are described here: A. kahili, A. huinakolu, A. makue, A. uwepa, A. poele, A. melekalikimaka, A. alepeleke, A. laau, A. waikula, and A. hiwa. These species, together with the single described species Ariamnes corniger, include all known representatives of the lineage in the Hawaiian Islands. Different species occur in middle and high elevations and in wet and dry habitats.}, keywords = {adaptive radiation, Araneae, Ariamnes, biology, HAWAII, Pacific Insects, Spiders, Theridiidae}, author = {Gillespie, R.G. and Rivera, M.A.J.} } @article {52, title = {Terrestrial arthropod surveys on Pagan Island, Northern Marianas}, volume = {Pacific Biological Survey, Contribution No. 2010-015}, year = {2010}, pages = {1-72}, institution = {Bishop Museum}, address = {Honolulu, HI}, abstract = {This report is part of the {\textquotedblleft}Marianas Expedition Wildlife Survey 2010{\textquotedblright} (MEWS 2010), a U.S. Fish \& Wildlife Service (USFWS) project funded by the Department of Defense - U.S. Marines and is tasked to gather natural resource information on fish and wildlife in the Mariana Islands. This information is required by federal regulations to properly determine the potential impacts that will occur due to the shifting of significant military resources from Okinawa to the Territory of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. As part of this military build-up, Pagan is under consideration as a live fire training area. This report gives the results of a terrestrial arthropod survey conducted by USFWS and NAVPAC personnel on Pagan in the month of July 2010 and gives details on significant findings resulting from material collected on that survey. In addition, a full checklist of terrestrial arthropods known from Pagan Island is given based on the current survey material as well as previous published records. An appendix gives a full bibliography of articles dealing with Pagan arthropods. Staff from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, and the U.S. Navy conducted collections of terrestrial arthropods from 9-21 July 2010 using a variety of collecting methods including Malaise flight intercept traps, yellow water pan traps, pitfall traps, peanut butter traps for ants, aerial sweep netting, aquatic dip netting, aspirating, and hand collections. Thousands of terrestrial arthropod specimens resulted from these collections, which were sorted by the collectors to order (to class for non-insects) and delivered to the Bishop Museum for identification. A team of entomologists at the Bishop Museum identified a total of 288 different taxa of terrestrial arthropods based on the survey, which included 228 new island records for Pagan (doubling the number of arthropods previously recorded from Pagan) bringing the total number of terrestrial arthropod species known from Pagan to 416. The full list of identified arthropods is given in Appendix II and includes all previously published terrestrial arthropod records for Pagan as well as the new records identified during this study. To put the arthropod fauna into a proper historical context in order to better understand their possible biological status on the island (e.g., endemic, native, nonindigenous), a history of human habitation as well as previous collecting expeditions is given. The vast majority of identified terrestrial arthropods are most likely nonindigenous, having arrived on Pagan via a variety of mechanisms including transport by humans, supply shipments, and commerce. Verification of true status requires study of the known distributions and potential vagility of each species, which was outside the scope of this report. Although the island has undergone numerous geophysical and human land use changes resulting in what we are calling a synanthropic arthropod fauna, there are still pockets of native arthropods that survive. Eight endemic species are recorded, three of them are new to science. In addition, one new genus was found. The littoral zone has been a neglected area for previous collectors, and a number of new marine and littoral faunal records have resulted from collecting during this survey. None of the arthropods identified are any threat to the megapode or fruit bat populations on the island. The crazy ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes, may pose a potential threat to food resources of the bat and megapodes if the populations on the island ever form what are called supercolonies. Their population levels now are large but not dangerous.}, keywords = {Acari, Araneae, Blattodea, Chilopoda, Coleoptera, Collembola, Cosmopterigidae, Crambidae, Dermaptera, Diplopoda, DIPTERA, distribution, Embioptera, Geometridae, Guam, Hemiptera, Hesperiidae, HYMENOPTERA, Isopoda, Isoptera, LEPIDOPTERA, Lycaenidae, Mantodea, Micronesia, NEUROPTERA, Noctuidae, Northern Marianas Islands, Nymphalidae, ODONATA, ORTHOPTERA, Pacific Insects, Papilionidae, Phasmatodea, Pseudoscorpion, Psocoptera, Pterophoridae, Pyralidae, Scorpionida, Siphonaptera, Thysanoptera, Thysanura, Tineidae}, author = {Evenhuis, N. L. and Eldredge, L. G. and Arakaki, K.T. and Oishi, D. and Garcia, J.N. and Haines, W.P.} } @article {4, title = {Molecular insights into the phylogenetic structure of the spider genus Theridion (Araneae, Theridiidae) and the origin of the Hawaiian Theridion-like fauna}, journal = {Zoologica ScriptaZoologica ScriptaZoologica Scripta}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {337-352}, abstract = {The Hawaiian happy face spider (Theridion grallator Simon, 1900), named for a remarkable abdominal colour pattern resembling a smiling face, has served as a model organism for understanding the generation of genetic diversity. Theridion grallator is one of 11 endemic Hawaiian species of the genus reported to date. Asserting the origin of island endemics informs on the evolutionary context of diversification, and how diversity has arisen on the islands. Studies on the genus Theridion in Hawaii, as elsewhere, have long been hampered by its large size (> 600 species) and poor definition. Here we report results of phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequences of five genes conducted on five diverse species of Hawaiian Theridion, along with the most intensive sampling of Theridiinae analysed to date. Results indicate that the Hawaiian Islands were colonised by two independent Theridiinae lineages, one of which originated in the Americas. Both lineages have undergone local diversification in the archipelago and have convergently evolved similar bizarre morphs. Our findings confirm para- or polyphyletic status of the largest Theridiinae genera: Theridion, Achaearanea and Chrysso. Convergent simplification of the palpal organ has occurred in the Hawaiian Islands and in two continental lineages. The results confirm the convergent evolution of social behaviour and web structure, both already documented within the Theridiidae. Greater understanding of phylogenetic relationships within the Theridiinae is key to understanding of behavioural and morphological evolution in this highly diverse group.}, keywords = {Araneae, BIODIVERSITY, EVOLUTION, HAWAII, Pacific Insects, Phylogeny, Spiders, Theridiidae}, author = {Arnedo,M. A. and Agnarsson,I. and Gillespie,R. G.} } @article {11, title = {Araign{\'e}es de Polyn{\'e}sie}, journal = {Annales de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} Entomologique de FranceAnnales de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} Entomologique de France}, volume = {103}, number = {3-4}, year = {1934}, pages = {321-336}, keywords = {Araneae, Araneidae, Austral Islands, Cook Islands, description, distribution, Easter Island, Fiji, French Polynesia, Lycosidae, Marquesas, Moorea, Pacific Insects, Rapa, Rapa Nui, Rurutu, Salticidae, Samoa, Scytodidae, Society Islands, Tahiti, Tetragnatha, Tetragnathidae, Theridiidae, Thomisidae, Tonga, Tuamotu, Uloboridae}, author = {Berland, Lucien} }