@article {208,
	title = {Cryptic differentiation in the endemic micromoth Galagete darwini (Lepidoptera, Autostichidae) on Galapagos volcanoes},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological SciencesPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	volume = {363},
	number = {1508},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {3453-3458},
	abstract = {To gain insight into the early stages of speciation, we reconstructed a DNA-based phylogeny, using combined mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II: 1008 bp) and nuclear (elongation factor 1-α and wingless: 1062 bp) markers of populations of the moth Galagete darwini endemic to the Gal{\'a}pagos, which belongs to an insular radiation similar in size to that of Darwin{\textquoteright}s finches. Adults of G. darwini were collected in the arid lowlands of 11 of the Gal{\'a}pagos Islands (Baltra, Espa{\~n}ola, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, Pinz{\'o}n, San Cristobal, Santa Cruz, Santiago and Seymour) and the humid highlands of a subset of 5 of them (Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz and Santiago). The combined phylogeographic analysis surprisingly revealed that G. darwini populations at higher elevation on the western islands (Fernandina, Isabela and Santiago) represent a distinct lineage from the one in the low arid zones of these same islands. This is the first reported case in the archipelago of genetic cryptic differentiation correlated with elevation on the western Gal{\'a}pagos volcanoes.},
	keywords = {Autostichidae, cryptic species, elevation, Gelechioidea, LEPIDOPTERA, Pacific Insects, SPECIATION},
	author = {Schmitz, P. and Cibois, A. and Landry, B.}
}
@article {197,
	title = {Herbivorous insects and the Hawaiian silversword alliance: Coevolution or cospeciation?},
	journal = {Pacific SciencePacific Science},
	volume = {51},
	number = {4},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {440-449},
	abstract = {Numerous groups of herbivorous insects in the Hawaiian archipelago have undergone adaptive radiations. RCL Perkins collected and documented species in nearly all of these groups. In this study I tested whether patterns of host plant use by herbivoreous insects can be explained by host plant history. I examined a group of insects in the planthopper genus Nesosydne (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) that feed on plants in the Hawaiian silversword alliance, many of which are endangered or threatened. For these Nesosydne species feeding on the silversword alliance, mitochondrial DNA sequence data revealed a statistically significant pattern of cospeciation between these insects and their hosts. These planthoppers are highly host-specific, with each species feeding on only one, or a few closely related, plant species. Patterns of host plant use across th plant lineage, as well as within extensive hybrid zones between members of the silversword alliance, suggest that planthopper diversification parallels host plant diversification. Data collected thus far are consistent with, but do not directly demonstrate, reciprocal adaptation. For other herbivorous insects associated with members of the Hawaiian silversword alliance, patterns of host plant use and evolutionary history are not yet well understood. However, cospeciation appears not to be universal. For example, endemic flies in the family Tephritidae (Diptera) are less host-specific and demonstrate host-switching. Research is under way to reveal the mechanisms associated wih cospeciation and host-switching for different insect groups associated with the Hawaiian silversword alliance.},
	keywords = {Argyroxiphium, Asteraceae, coevolution, Delphacidae, Dubautia, HAWAII, Hemiptera, HOST, Nesosydne, Pacific Insects, SPECIATION},
	author = {Roderick, G. K.}
}
@inbook {198,
	title = {Host plant use, diversification, and coevolution: Insights from remote oceanic islands},
	booktitle = {Evolutionary biology of plant and insect relationships},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {151-161},
	publisher = {University of California Press},
	organization = {University of California Press},
	address = {Berkeley},
	abstract = {Many advances in the understanding of insect-plant interactions have come from examining particular taxa or systems in isolation. Here, we examine the contribution of studies on remote oceanic islands to our understanding of insect-plant interactions. For ecological and evolutionary studies, island systems offer a number of advantages that stem from their isolation, small size, well-defined boundaries, and that they can be used as replicate systems. Unlike recent introductions to islands where many of the insect herbivores show generalist associations, among indigenous species the majority are endemic and show varying levels of host specialization. We examine patterns of of host specialization, plant-associated diversification, cospeciation, symbiosis, and plant hybridization across a range of island systems, though most work to date has focused on the Macaronesian Islands and the Hawaiian archipelago. Advances in molecular and analytical approaches have opened new avenues for research, such as the ability to calibrate the ages of both insect and plant lineages and to examine the demographic history of individuals within populations. Island insect-plant systems illustrate that allopatric isolation in particular, but also host switching to related hosts, are important correlates of insect diversification. Observations of cospeciation are rare, but this may be a consequence of studying periods of rapid host adaptation and diversification in which patterns of cospeciation, if they exist, may be obscured. Island systems offer many opportunities to expand our understanding of factors that promote host-associated diversification, including the roles of internal and external symbionts and plant hybrids.},
	keywords = {allopatric, Aphanarthrum, Arecaceae, Asteraceae, canary-islands, coevolution, Coleoptera, Crambidae, CURCULIONIDAE, Delphacidae, Dubautia, Epicephala, Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae, gene flow, Glochidion, Gracillariidae, HAWAII, Hemiptera, host shift, LEPIDOPTERA, Liparthrum, Miridae, Myocalles, Nesosydne, Omiodes, Pacific Insects, Pacific Islands, Phyllanthaceae, PLANTS, Pritchardia, Psyllidae, Scolytidae, SPECIATION, Wolbachia},
	author = {Roderick, G. K. and Percy, D.M.},
	editor = {Tilmon, K.J.}
}
@inbook {98,
	title = {The Lepidoptera of Norfolk Island, actual and potential, their origins and dynamics},
	booktitle = {The origin and evolution of Pacific Island biotas, New Guinea to Eastern Polynesia: Patterns and processes},
	year = {1996},
	note = {do not have},
	pages = {123-151},
	publisher = {SPB Academic Publishing},
	organization = {SPB Academic Publishing},
	address = {Amsterdam},
	keywords = {BIODIVERSITY, BIOGEOGRAPHY, EVOLUTION, LEPIDOPTERA, Micronesia, Pacific Insects, SPECIATION},
	author = {Holloway, J.D.},
	editor = {Keast, A. and Miller, S. E.}
}
@article {62,
	title = {Biogeography of spiders on remote oceanic islands of the Pacific: archipelagoes as stepping stones},
	journal = {Journal of BiogeographyJournal of Biogeography},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {655-662},
	abstract = {Aim The composition of species in any given island community may directly reflect the processes of immigration such that species on a more remote island comprise a nested subset of those on the nearest less remote land mass. Alternatively, new species can arise on islands by less frequent colonization but subsequent evolutionary differentiation. In the current study the species composition of spiders is examined in native communities on three remote oceanic archipelagoes to test hypotheses concerning the relative importance for species accumulation of (i) immigration from the nearest land mass, vs. (ii) in situ speciation. Location The study focuses on three volcanic hot-spot archipelagoes in the Pacific: the Hawaiian, Marquesas and Society Islands. Methods Tetragnatha spiders were collected from the three remote Pacific archipelagoes as well as Australasia and America. Sequences of mitochondrial DNA (Cytochrome Oxidase I and 16S ribosomal DNA) were obtained from the spiders and a phylogenetic approach was used to examine relatedness among island endemic lineages of spiders, as well as associations between species on different archipelagoes with continental congeners. Results Within archipelagoes, species groups are largely monophyletic. When species groups are compared between archipelagoes, those on one archipelago are never the sister group to those on another archipelago. Rather, each archipelago has a mainland congener as its closest sister group. Main conclusions First, colonization of the Hawaiian, Marquesas and Society archipelagoes by Tetragnatha spiders appears to have occurred independently, most likely in each case from a continental source, but not from the nearest archipelago. Secondly, in situ speciation has occurred in the Marquesas and Society Islands in a similar manner to that in Hawaii, although apparently on a smaller scale.},
	keywords = {HAWAII, island biogeography, Marquesas, Pacific Insects, radiation, Society Islands, SPECIATION, Spiders, Tetragnatha},
	author = {Gillespie, R. G.}
}
@article {71,
	title = {Arthropods on islands: Colonization, speciation, and conservation},
	journal = {Annual Review of EntomologyAnnual Review of Entomology},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {595-632},
	abstract = {Islands have traditionally been considered to be any relatively small body of land completely surrounded by water. However, their primary biological characteristic, an extended period of isolation from a source of colonists, is common also to many situations on continents. Accordingly, theories and predictions developed for true islands have been applied to a huge array of systems, from rock pools, to single tree species in forests, to oceanic islands. Here, we examine the literature on islands in the broadest sense (i.e., whether surrounded by water or any other uninhabitable matrix) as it pertains to terrestrial arthropods.We categorize islands according to the features they share. The primary distinction between different island systems is {\textquotedblleft}darwinian{\textquotedblright} islands (formed de novo) and {\textquotedblleft}fragment{\textquotedblright} islands. In the former, the islands have never been in contact with the source of colonists and have abundant {\textquotedblleft}empty{\textquotedblright} ecological niche space. On these islands, species numbers will initially increase through immigration, the rate depending on the degree of isolation. If isolation persists, over time species formation will result in {\textquotedblleft}neo-endemics.{\textquotedblright} When isolation is extreme, the ecological space will gradually be filled through speciation (rather than immigration) and adaptive radiation of neo-endemics. Fragment islands are fundamentally different. In these islands, the ecological space will initially be filled as a consequence of connection to the source of colonists prior to insularization. Species numbers will decrease following fragmentation through the process of relaxation. If these islands become more isolated, species will eventually arise through relictualization with the formation of {\textquotedblleft}paleo-endemics.{\textquotedblright} Given sufficient time, this process can result in generic level endemism on ancient fragment islands, a phenomenon well illustrated in Madagascar and New Zealand. Recognizing the distinction between the different kinds of islands is fundamental for understanding emerging patterns on each, in particular speciation, biodiversity (e.g., neo-endemics versus paleo-endemics), and conservation (e.g., naivet{\textasciiacute}e in interactions with alien species).},
	keywords = {COLONIZATION, CONSERVATION, EVOLUTION, HAWAII, insects, island biogeography, Pacific Insects, SPECIATION},
	author = {Gillespie, R. G. and Roderick, G. K.}
}
@article {77,
	title = {Does species richness drive speciation? A reassessment with the Hawaiian biota},
	journal = {EcographyEcography},
	volume = {31},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {279-285},
	abstract = {After MacArthur and Wilson (1967), island biogeographical research focused primarily on processes of colonization and extinction over ecological time scales, but recent work has rejuvenated interest in the generation of diversity in situ over evolutionary time (Lomolino 2000, Losos and Schluter 2000, Gillespie 2004, Cadena et al. 2005). In a recent contribution, Emerson and Kolm (2005) proposed a causal link between species richness and speciation on islands. They suggested that species richness per se might increase the rate of speciation by intensifying competition and suppressing population densities of resident species, thereby allowing for increased genetic drift, greater lability in traits, and increased evolutionary change (Erwin 2005). Alternatively, increased structural complexity and heterogeneity associated with higher richness may stimulate niche diversification and speciation (Tokeshi 1999).In this paper, we revisit the relationship between endemism and species richness in a reanalysis of arthropod (Nishida 2002) and plant (Price 2004) data for the Hawaiian Islands and include a new dataset for land snails (Cowie et al. 1995, Cowie and Holland 2006). We propose distinct null models for endemism patterns in these island datasets. Because the methodological contrasts and findings of these different null models are more clear in the context of our assumptions, methods, and results, we address the specific null models of Emerson and Kolm (2007a,b), Witt and Maliakal-Witt (2007), Kiflawi et al. (2007), and Birand and Howard (2008) following the discussion of our analyses.Emerson and Kolm{\textquoteright}s (2005) original regression analysis rested on the implicit assumption that, in the absence of driving speciation mechanisms, the number or proportion of endemic species should be independent of the total richness on individual islands (this assumption was later made explicit, Emerson and Kolm 2007a). Under this assumption, the statistical null hypothesis is of no correlation between the proportion of SIEs and total species richness. However, a universal property of biodiversity sampling curves is that rare species are disproportionately under-represented in small samples (Gotelli and Colwell 2001). At the biogeographic scale, we expect the proportion of SIEs to escalate with total species richness, even in the absence of mechanisms promoting in situ speciation. Therefore, we formulated two null sampling hypotheses that incorporated the expected non-linearity in SIE proportion with variation in the richness of island species pools.},
	keywords = {HAWAII, island biogeography, Pacific Insects, SPECIATION, species richness},
	author = {Gruner, D.S. and Gotelli, N. J. and Price, J.P. and Cowie, R.H.}
}
@article {36,
	title = {Molecular biogeography and diversification of the endemic terrestrial fauna of the Hawaiian Islands},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological SciencesPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological SciencesPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
	volume = {363},
	number = {1508},
	year = {2008},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 346VHTimes Cited: 1Cited Reference Count: 96Cowie, Robert H. Holland, Brenden S.},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {3363-3376},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {Oceanic islands have played a central role in biogeography and evolutionary biology. Here, we review molecular studies of the endemic terrestrial fauna of the Hawaiian archipelago. For some groups, monophyly and presumed single origin of the Hawaiian radiations have been confirmed ( achatinelline tree snails, drepanidine honeycreepers, drosophilid flies, Havaika spiders, Hylaeus bees, Laupala crickets). Other radiations are derived from multiple colonizations ( Tetragnatha and Theridion spiders, succineid snails, possibly Dicranomyia crane flies, Porzana rails). The geographic origins of many invertebrate groups remain obscure, largely because of inadequate sampling of possible source regions. Those of vertebrates are better known, probably because few lineages have radiated, diversity is far lower and morphological taxonomy permits identification of probable source regions. Most birds, and the bat, have New World origins. Within the archipelago, most radiations follow, to some degree, a progression rule pattern, speciating as they colonize newer from older islands sequentially, although speciation often also occurs within islands. Most invertebrates are single-island endemics. However, among multi-island species studied, complex patterns of diversification are exhibited, reflecting heightened dispersal potential ( succineids, Dicranomyia). Instances of Hawaiian taxa colonizing other regions are being discovered ( Scaptomyza flies, succineids). Taxonomy has also been elucidated by molecular studies ( Achatinella snails, drosophilids). While molecular studies on Hawaiian fauna have burgeoned since the mid-1990s, much remains unknown. Yet the Hawaiian fauna is in peril: more than 70 per cent of the birds and possibly 90 per cent of the snails are extinct. Conservation is imperative if this unique fauna is to continue shedding light on profound evolutionary and biogeographic questions.SUMMARY: The progression rule pattern provides a predictive theoretical framework against which lineage age, bifurcation order and colonization timing can be better understood, especially when applied within a comparative approach. Overall, many groups examined to date follow, at least roughly, a progression rule pattern of diversification, wherein the most basal taxa occur on the oldest island in the distribution of the lineage. However, a number of biogeographic patterns in terrestrial Hawaiian radiations are complex (Funk \& Wagner 1995; Holland \& Hadfield 2004). While some endemic groups clearly originated on Kauai, others appear to have first colonized either Oahu (achatinelline tree snails), Maui Nui (Laupala cerasina group, crickets) or the island of Hawaii (Hylaeus bees and one lineage of succineid snails: clade B, figure 2). In a few groups (Havaika spiders, Banza crickets, Dicranomyia crane flies), neither the original island colonized nor the subsequent pattern of diversification is clear.},
	keywords = {Achatinellidae, adaptive radiation, arthropods, BIRDS, conveyor belt, dispersal, Drosophila, HAWAII, mtDNA, Pacific Insects, Phylogeny, snails, SPECIATION},
	isbn = {0962-8436},
	author = {Cowie, R. H. and Holland, B. S.}
}
@article {2,
	title = {Butterfly biogeography and endemism on tropical Pacific Islands},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean SocietyBiological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {51},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Birds and butterflies are not the best things to compare. Not a great article for biogeography of Lepidoptera.},
	pages = {151-162},
	abstract = {Butterfly distributions on 26 tropical Pacific archipelagos were analysed to examine the effects of geography on diversity and endemism. The total butterfly fauna for each archipelago was divided into continental (found also on continental areas), Pacific (found within more than one archipelago but not ourside of the study area), and endemic species (restricted to a single archipelago). Numbers and proportions of each species were related to eight geographic variable by stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. Total  area of an archipelago and distance from other land masses were important predictors of the number of species within an archipelago. Proportions of butterfly species in each category were related differently to the geographic variables, with endemism being promoted by the number of large islands within an archipelago. Relative to birds, butterflies have been less successful in colonizing remore archipelagos and have much lower levels of endemism. Even if colonization is successful, butterflies speciation may be constrained by the mechanics of coevolution with available host plants.},
	keywords = {BIODIVERSITY, BIOGEOGRAPHY, BIRDS, ENDEMIC, EVOLUTION, LEPIDOPTERA, Pacific Insects, SPECIATION},
	author = {Adler, G.H. and Dudley, R.}
}
