@article {223, title = {Differences in endemic insect assemblages among vegetation types on a small island of the oceanic Ogasawara Islands}, journal = {Entomological ScienceEntomological Science}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 323HHTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 38Sugiura, Shinji Tsuru, Tomoyuki Yamaura, Yuichi Hasegawa, Motohiro Makihara, Hiroshi Makinoi, Shun{\textquoteright}ichi}, month = {Jun}, pages = {131-141}, type = {Article}, abstract = {Natural vegetation is often replaced by invasive alien plants on isolated oceanic islands. To determine how invasive alien plants affect insect diversity, we compared flying insects captured using Malaise traps among different vegetation types on a small island (Nishijima; 0.49 km(2)) in the oceanic Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands in the north-western Pacific. The numbers of individuals and species, and the species composition of pollinators (bees), predators (wasps) and wood borers (cerambycid, mordellid and elaterid beetles) were compared among three vegetation types: Casuarina equisetifolia (an invasive alien tree) forest, natural forest and natural grassland (forest edge), during two seasons (June and October-November 2005). In traps, 80.0, 66.7, 87.5, 85.7 and 100.0\% of bee, wasp, cerambycid, mordellid and elaterid beetle species, respectively, were endemic to the Ogasawara Islands. Grassland had the highest wasp and bee species richness, whereas natural forest had the highest species richness of wood-boring beetles. The C. equisetifolia forest had the poorest species richness for most insect groups (except mordellid beetles). More individuals of most insect groups (except bees) were captured in June than in October-November. More individual bees and wasps were captured in grassland than in forests, whereas more individual mordellid and elaterid beetles were captured in forests than in grassland. The number of cerambycid individuals did not differ among vegetation types. Redundancy analysis suggested that most insect species preferred natural forest or grassland to alien forest. Therefore, further invasion of natural grassland and forest by the alien tree C. equisetifolia may negatively affect the endemic insect fauna of Nishijima.}, keywords = {bee, BIODIVERSITY, Cerambycidae, Coleoptera, CONSERVATION, Elateridae, HYMENOPTERA, invasive alien tree, invasive species, Japan, Mordellidae, Pacific Insects, wasp}, isbn = {1343-8786}, author = {Sugiura, S. and Tsuru, T. and Yamaura, Y. and Hasegawa, M. and Makihara, H. and Makinoi, S.} } @article {209, title = {Three new species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the Hawaiian Islands, based on morphological and molecular evidence}, journal = {ZootaxaZootaxaZootaxa}, volume = {1821}, year = {2008}, note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 324NGTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 19Schmitz, Patrick Rubinoff, Daniel}, pages = {49-58}, type = {Article}, abstract = {The Cosmopterigid genus Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) is endemic to Hawaii and contains over 350 recognized species, though only one new species has been described in the past 62 years. We describe and illustrate three new species of Hyposmocoma: Hyposmocoma kaupo sp. nov. from the island of Maui, H. kapakai sp. nov. from Oahu, and H. kaikuono sp. nov. from Molokai, all known from both sexes, and all apparently single-island endemics. The case-making larvae of all three species feed on lichen and organic debris on dry rocks in open or partly forested habitat. While morphological differences among these three species are small, genetic divergence across parts of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I and the nuclear genes elongation factor 1 alpha indicate universally deep divergence, making these taxa a classic example of sibling species.}, keywords = {COI, CONSERVATION, Cosmopterigidae, description, EF1a, ENDEMIC, HAWAII, Hyposmocoma, Microlepidoptera, mtDNA, Pacific Insects}, isbn = {1175-5326}, author = {Schmitz, P. and Rubinoff, D.} } @article {161, title = {A special issue on insect conservation and islands}, journal = {Journal of Insect ConservationJournal of Insect Conservation}, volume = {12}, number = {3-4}, year = {2008}, pages = {195-195}, keywords = {CONSERVATION, LEPIDOPTERA, Pacific Insects, Pacific Islands}, isbn = {1366-638X}, author = {New, T. R.} } @article {167, title = {Differential parasitism of seed-feeding Cydia (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by native and alien wasp species relative to elevation in subalpine Sophora (Fabaceae) forests on Mauna Kea, Hawaii}, journal = {Journal of Insect ConservationJournal of Insect Conservation}, volume = {8}, number = {2-3}, year = {2004}, note = {Times Cited: 0}, pages = {229-240}, abstract = {Alien parasitic wasps, including accidental introductions and purposefully released biological control agents, have been implicated in the decline of native Hawaiian Lepidoptera. Understanding the potential impacts of alien wasps requires knowledge of ecological parameters that influence parasitism rates for species in their new environment. Sophora seed-feeding Cydia spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were surveyed for larval parasitoids to determine how native and alien wasps are partitioned over an elevation gradient (2200-2800 m) on Hawaii Island, Hawaii. Parasitism rate of native Euderus metallicus (Eulophidae) increased with increased elevation, while parasitism rate by immigrant Calliephialtes grapholithae (Ichneumonidae) decreased. Parasitism by Pristomerus hawaiiensis (Ichneumonidae), origins uncertain, also decreased with increased elevation. Two other species, Diadegma blackburni (Ichneumonidae), origins uncertain, and Brasema cushmani (Eupelmidae), a purposefully introduced biological control agent for pepper weevil, did not vary significantly with elevation. Results are contrasted with a previous study of this system with implications for the conservation of an endangered bird species that feed on Cydia larvae. Interpretation of results is hindered by lack of knowledge of autecology of moths and wasps, origins, phylogeny, systematics, competitive ability, and physiological limitations of each wasp species. These factors should be incorporated into risk analysis for biological control introductions and invasive species programs.}, keywords = {biocontrol, Brasema, CALLIEPHIALTES, CHALCIDOIDEA, CONSERVATION, CYDIA, DIADEGMA, EUDERUS, EULOPHIDAE, EUPELMIDAE, gradient, Grapholitini, HAWAII, Ichneumonidae, LEPIDOPTERA, Mauna Kea, NONTARGET, Olethreutinae, Pacific Insects, PARASITISM, PRISTOMERUS, TORTRICIDAE}, isbn = {1366-638X}, author = {Oboyski, Peter T. and Slotterback, John W. and Banko, Paul C.} } @article {160, title = {Insect conservation on islands: setting the scene and defining the needs}, journal = {Journal of Insect ConservationJournal of Insect Conservation}, volume = {12}, number = {3-4}, year = {2008}, note = {New, T. R.}, month = {Jul}, pages = {197-204}, abstract = {The putative peculiarities of island insects and the factors important in their conservation are noted. Endemism and speciation lessons from island insects have contributed significantly to wider understanding of aspects of insect diversification. The twin complexes of threats to island insects involve (1) internal processes, essentially habitat changes by human activity, and their consequences and (2) externally-imposed effects from alien invasive species, both of these operating in environments that may lack much of the buffer capability present in larger continental areas or in richer communities. Many island insects now persist only in small inaccessible remnant habitats, and protecting these is a key theme in planning insect conservation on islands. The possible effects of climate change may be severe, particularly on {\textquoteleft}low islands{\textquoteright} such as many coral cays.}, keywords = {CONSERVATION, habitat, invasive species, island biogeography, Pacific Insects, radiation}, isbn = {1366-638X}, author = {New, T. R.} } @inbook {102, title = {Development of insect conservation in Hawai{\textquoteleft}i}, booktitle = {Insect conservation: Past, present and prospects}, year = {2012}, pages = {359-376}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, organization = {Springer Netherlands}, chapter = {16}, address = {New York}, abstract = {As the most isolated group of high islands in the world, the Hawaiian archipelago occupies a very special place in insect conservation: first as a cradle of evolution of a remarkable endemic fauna and second as a prime example of the vulnerability of island environments to anthropogenic changes {\textendash} especially the effects of alien species. Lessons from both these themes are of global relevance, and the recognition that these same phenomena are occurring in continental systems has been important in maturing attitudes to insect conservation. Mirrored in other parts of the Pacific, such as New Zealand (Watts et al. this volume; Howarth and Ramsay 1991), external disturbances have had massive impacts on the Islands{\textquoteright} biota. These losses {\textendash} together with the prospect of continuing severe losses {\textendash} have contributed to debates over the rationale justifying alien species introductions, including non-native biological control agents. The impacts of introduced control agents are increasingly recognized as an important issue in insect conservation over the last few decades.}, keywords = {CONSERVATION, HAWAII, history, Pacific Insects}, isbn = {978-94-007-2963-6}, author = {Howarth, Francis G. and Gagn{\'e}, Betsy H.}, editor = {New, Tim R.} } @article {91, title = {Conservation status and research on the Fabulous Green Sphinx of Kaua{\textquoteright}i, Tinostoma smaragditis (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), including checklists of the vascular plants of the diverse mesic forests of Kaua{\textquoteright}i, Hawai{\textquoteright}i}, journal = {Pacific SciencePacific Science}, volume = {54(1)}, year = {2000}, month = {Jan.}, pages = {1-9}, type = {Article}, abstract = {In 1895, a moth was captured in a mountain home in Makaweli, Kaua{\textquoteright}i, that would captivate and elude entomologists for the next century. Tinostoma smaragditis (Meyrick), aptly nicknamed the "Fabulous Green Sphinx of Kauai{\textquoteright}i" is a stunningly beautiful moth with green wings and thorax, pale brown hind wings, and orange antennae. Eighteen individuals are known to have been collected on Kaua{\textquoteright}i. However, despite extensive searches in areas around Koke{\textquoteright}e, all the specimens discovered until the 1990s were incidental catches, and the natural habitat and host plant of the moth remained unknown. This study describes the results of extensive searches of the diverse mesic forests with the aim of establishing range, habitat, and host-plant associations of the Fabulous Green Sphinx. In February 1998 a male T. smaragditis was attracted to a mercury vapor light set up in the diverse mesic forest. Subsequently, one other specimen was collected in a similar habitat type on another part of the island. However, the host plant of the moth remains unknown. In this paper we provide a history of collections, a summary of known biology, and a guide to potential host plants, including checklists of vascular plants found in the diverse mesic forests of two locations where T. smaragditis was found, Kalalau and Mahanaloa Valleys on Kaua{\textquoteright}i.}, keywords = {CONSERVATION, distribution, HAWAII, HOST, LEPIDOPTERA, Pacific Insects, Sphingidae}, isbn = {0030-8870}, author = {Heddle, M. L. and Wood, K. R. and Asquith, A. and Gillespie, R. G.} } @article {71, title = {Arthropods on islands: Colonization, speciation, and conservation}, journal = {Annual Review of EntomologyAnnual Review of Entomology}, volume = {47}, year = {2002}, pages = {595-632}, abstract = {Islands have traditionally been considered to be any relatively small body of land completely surrounded by water. However, their primary biological characteristic, an extended period of isolation from a source of colonists, is common also to many situations on continents. Accordingly, theories and predictions developed for true islands have been applied to a huge array of systems, from rock pools, to single tree species in forests, to oceanic islands. Here, we examine the literature on islands in the broadest sense (i.e., whether surrounded by water or any other uninhabitable matrix) as it pertains to terrestrial arthropods.We categorize islands according to the features they share. The primary distinction between different island systems is {\textquotedblleft}darwinian{\textquotedblright} islands (formed de novo) and {\textquotedblleft}fragment{\textquotedblright} islands. In the former, the islands have never been in contact with the source of colonists and have abundant {\textquotedblleft}empty{\textquotedblright} ecological niche space. On these islands, species numbers will initially increase through immigration, the rate depending on the degree of isolation. If isolation persists, over time species formation will result in {\textquotedblleft}neo-endemics.{\textquotedblright} When isolation is extreme, the ecological space will gradually be filled through speciation (rather than immigration) and adaptive radiation of neo-endemics. Fragment islands are fundamentally different. In these islands, the ecological space will initially be filled as a consequence of connection to the source of colonists prior to insularization. Species numbers will decrease following fragmentation through the process of relaxation. If these islands become more isolated, species will eventually arise through relictualization with the formation of {\textquotedblleft}paleo-endemics.{\textquotedblright} Given sufficient time, this process can result in generic level endemism on ancient fragment islands, a phenomenon well illustrated in Madagascar and New Zealand. Recognizing the distinction between the different kinds of islands is fundamental for understanding emerging patterns on each, in particular speciation, biodiversity (e.g., neo-endemics versus paleo-endemics), and conservation (e.g., naivet{\textasciiacute}e in interactions with alien species).}, keywords = {COLONIZATION, CONSERVATION, EVOLUTION, HAWAII, insects, island biogeography, Pacific Insects, SPECIATION}, author = {Gillespie, R. G. and Roderick, G. K.} } @article {74, title = {Restoration of Hawaiian montane wet forest: Endemic longhorned beetles (Cerambycidae: Plagithmysus) in koa (Fabaceae: Acacia koa) plantations and in intact forest}, journal = {The Southwestern NaturalistThe Southwestern NaturalistThe Southwestern Naturalist}, volume = {52}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {356-363}, abstract = {Reforestation of degraded lands in the tropics is one of the most important goals of ecological restoration. Restoration of montane wet forest is in progress at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii, using plantations of Acacia koa (koa), a canopy tree of montane wet forest. We used longhorned beetles (Plagithmysus claviger and P. varians) as indicator species to assess restoration. The beetles feed by boring into dead koa branches and are food for the endemic forest bird Hemignathus munroi. We quantified density of beetles in branches of koa from trees of 3 age categories: young plantations (3{\textendash}8 y; 222 branches), older plantations (12{\textendash}15 y; 212 branches), and canopy trees of intact forest (167 branches). We sampled by breaking dead branches into short pieces and counting the beetles within. Density of beetles was greater in canopy trees (4.89 beetles/branch) than in planted trees and was greater in older plantations (3.24 beetles/branch) than in younger plantations (0.90 beetles/branch). Beetles were clumped in distribution among branches (coefficient of dispersion = 5.17). Mean basal diameter of branches in canopy trees (32.6 mm) was greater than in planted trees and was greater in older plantations (29.3 mm) than in young plantations (19.0 mm). In young and older plantations, branches that harbored beetles were larger than branches that did not, but in canopy trees there was no difference. Branch diameter had a positive effect on number of beetles per branch in all age categories. Koa plantations promote recovery of plant and animal biological diversity in degraded habitats formerly occupied by montane wet forest.}, keywords = {Acacia koa, Cerambycidae, Coleoptera, CONSERVATION, fabaceae, HAWAII, Pacific Insects, Plagithmysus, reforestation}, author = {Goldsmith, S. and Gillespie, H. and Weatherby, C.} } @article {44, title = {Life history and captive rearing of the Wekiu bug (Nysius wekiuicola, Lygaeidae), an alpine carnivore endemic to the Mauna Kea volcano of Hawaii}, journal = {Journal of Insect ConservationJournal of Insect Conservation}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {701-709}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, abstract = {The hemipteran family Lygaeidae contains species that are overwhelmingly plant and seed feeders. The Wekiu bug, Nysius wekiuicola, a candidate endangered species endemic to the summit of the 4,205~m volcano, Mauna Kea, and the closely related A{\textquoteright}A bug, Nysius aa, are the only obligate carnivore scavengers of the family. Despite its unique diet, remarkable ecology, and high profile due to conservation concerns, there is still little known about the Wekiu bug. We present the first detailed observations and descriptions of the Wekiu bug, including a complete life history. The Wekiu bug lays eggs singly or in small loose clutches, matures after five nymphal instars, and can survive and reproduce at constant temperatures never found in its natural habitat. Our results clearly demonstrate the importance of behaviour, rather than pure physiological adaption, in an insect{\textquoteright}s persistence in a harsh environment. The Wekiu bug{\textquoteright}s shift to carnivory from a suite of herbivorous congeners is a remarkable adaptive shift in an aeolian system bereft of vascular plants. Finally, we relate the specialized life history of the Wekiu bug to its conservation on the arid, frigid summit of the Mauna Kea volcano. This unique habitat is increasingly impacted by tourism and telescope facilities.}, keywords = {biology, CONSERVATION, EVOLUTION, HAWAII, Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Lygaeidae, Mauna Kea, Nysius wekiuicola, Pacific Insects}, isbn = {1366-638X}, author = {Eiben, Jesse and Rubinoff, Daniel} } @inbook {46, title = {Report for the 2002 Pacific Biological Survey, Bishop Museum Austral Islands, French Polynesia Expedition to Raivavae and Rapa Iti}, booktitle = {Report for the 2002 Pacific Biological Survey, Bishop Museum Austral Islands, French Polynesia Expedition to Raivavae and Rapa Iti.}, year = {2003}, note = {BookHonolulu}, pages = {i-v, 1-30}, publisher = {Bishop Museum}, organization = {Bishop Museum}, abstract = {The Pacific Biological Survey (PBS) of the Bishop Museum conducted biological surveys on the Austral Islands of Raivavae and Rapa as part of an "Inventaire et Valorisation de la Biodiversite" or inventory and evaluation of biodiversity, a research program conducted in French Polynesia with the assistance and support of the Delegation a la Recherche (Ministere de la Culture, de l{\textquoteright}Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche, Gouvernement de la Polynesie francaise). The objectives of the PBS Bishop Museum surveys in the Austral Islands were: 1) to assess the native aquatic insect fauna and describe the overall biodiversity of this fauna, 2) assess the biodiversity and status of Heteroptera and other important insects in native forest areas, 3) to assess the impacts or lack of impacts of introduced aquatic species on native stream biota, 4) to qualitatively assess the impacts of introduced species, feral ungulates, urbanization, on native insects, and 5) to provide museum specimens and an information baseline for future researchers.Significant findings of these surveys include a pristine native freshwater fauna lacking introductions of nonindigenous fish, amphibians, or aquatic reptiles on both Rapa and Raivavae Islands. Extensive research in Hawaii has shown the devastating impacts of alien fish species on the native stream fauna, and every effort should be made to avoid introductions of any non-native aquatic species to Rapa and Raivavae. Numerous undescribed aquatic insect species were found in Rapa and Raivavae, including new species andrange extensions of Heteroptera (true bugs), Diptera (aquatic flies), and Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies). A rich terrestrial native insect fauna with numerous undescribed species of Coleoptera (beetles), Diptera (flies), Heteroptera (true bugs), and Homoptera (planthoppers) and was also found on Rapa and Raivavae, although stands of native forest habitat for these insects were found to be severely reduced on both islands. The native species found on both islands are important on a worldwide basis, and preservation of this biodiversity is critical in preserving the rich Polynesian culture found on these islands. It is also necessary to preserve biodiversity to allow a greater understanding of the natural biological processes of dispersal and colonization of the fauna to these remote and isolated island areas. Native forests on Raivavae and Rapa were found to be critical for the survival of both the terrestrial and aquatic fauna of the Austral Islands. A good example of this interrelationship between forests and aquatic habitats is found with the damselflies on both Rapa and Raivavae that are aquatic during their immature phase, but as adults require forested areas to forage for food. The endemic native damselfly on Rapa was only found in forested areas, and never observed during sampling along many kilometers of deforestedstream habitat. Native vegetation was also critical for the newly found species of Raivavae damselfly, with this species also having similar forest requirements. Most of the native terrestrial insect biodiversity remaining on the island of Rapa is found in a narrow zone of native forest between 450-650 m at the summit of Mt. Perau. The collection of many undescribed species from Mt. Perau illustrates the point that despite two monographic works on the Lepidoptera and Miocalles weevils from Rapa, much remains to be studied on the insect fauna from this most intact native forest found on Rapa. To preserve a rich native biodiversity and Polynesian cultural heritage, it is imperative to protect the limited remaining native forests on Raivavae and Rapa. Working with the inhabitants of each island, forest reserve areas should be set up to protect the most important and biologically diverse areas. The areas that should receive the highest priority for protection would be the Mt. Perau area on Rapa, and the Mt. Hiro summit region and associated gulches on Raivavae.}, keywords = {Austral Islands, BIODIVERSITY, CONSERVATION, Crustacea, French Polynesia, Freshwater fauna, habitat, Mollusca, Pacific Insects, Raivavae, Rapa}, author = {Englund, R. A.} } @article {47, title = {Range, habitat, and ecology of the wekiu bug (Nysius wekiuicola), a rare insect species unique to Mauna Kea, Hawaii Island}, year = {2002}, note = {Prepared for the Office of Mauna Kea Management}, pages = {1-49}, institution = {BP Bishop Museum}, address = {Honolulu}, keywords = {biology, CONSERVATION, distribution, ecology, HAWAII, Nysius, Pacific Insects, WEKIU}, isbn = {Contribution No. 2002-023 to the Hawaii Biological Survey}, author = {Englund, R.A. and Polhemus, D. A. and Howarth, F. G. and Montgomery, S. L.} } @article {17, title = {Parasitism of Cydia spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on Sophora chrysophylla (Fabaceae) along an elevation gradient of dry subalpine forest on Mauna Kea, Hawaii}, journal = {Pan-Pacific EntomologistPan-Pacific Entomologist}, volume = {78}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, note = {Times Cited: 4}, pages = {101-109}, abstract = {The biology and ecological importance of Hawaiian endemic Cydia spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are poorly known. Cydia larvae are an important food to palila, an endangered Hawaiian bird that inhabits Sophora woodlands on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. We quantified Cydia larval abundance in seeds of Sophora chrysophylla Salisbury (Fabaceae) and larval mortality caused by parasitism. Four new host plant associations are reported: C. crassicornis [Walsingham], C. falsifalcella [Walsingham], C. obliqua [Walsingham], and C. storeella [Walsingham]. Four parasitoid wasp species were consistently reared from larval Cydia: Calliephialtes grapholithae [Cresson], Diadegma blackburni [Cameron], Pristomerus hawaiiensis Perkins (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), and Euderus metallicus [Ashmead] (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). The three Ichneumonidae appear to be accidental introductions, while E. metallicus is likely to be native to Hawaii. Parasitism rates by all four wasps combined decreased with elevation from 94\% at 1800 m to 20\% at 2700 m.}, keywords = {BIRDS, CALLIEPHIALTES, CONSERVATION, CYDIA, DIADEGMA, EUDERUS, EULOPHIDAE, HAWAII, HYMENOPTERA, Ichneumonidae, LEPIDOPTERA, Pacific Insects, PALILA, PARASITISM, PRISTOMERUS, TORTRICIDAE}, isbn = {0031-0603}, author = {Brenner, G. J. and Oboyski, P. T. and Banko, P. C.} }